Table 4.
Distribution of characteristics across identified classes in the sample of subjects with current psychopathology
| Lean (N = 311) | Average (N = 910) | Overweight (N = 239) | p* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics and covariates | ||||
| Age, mean (s.d.) | 40.5 (12.23) | 42.1 (12.59) | 43.2 (11.49) | 0.033 |
| Sex, % female (N) | 66.9 (208) | 66.2 (602) | 66.1 (158) | 0.971 |
| Metabolic syndrome, % (n) (medication adjusted) | 2.7 (8) | 18.8 (167) | 65.3 (154) | <0.001a,b,c |
| Number of chronic diseases | <0.001b,c | |||
| 0, N (%) | 135 (43.4) | 381 (41.9) | 69 (28.9) | |
| 1, N (%) | 102 (32.8) | 301 (33.1) | 74 (31.0) | |
| 2, N (%) | 47 (15.1) | 143 (15.7) | 55 (23.0) | |
| 3 + , N (%) | 27 (8.7) | 85 (9.3) | 41 (17.1) | |
| Lifestyle factors | ||||
| Smokers, N (%) | 48.2 (150) | 39.9 (363) | 43.1 (103) | 0.035 |
| Alcohol abuse (audit), mean (s.d.) | 5.8 (6.34) | 4.7 (4.97) | 3.7 (5.11) | <0.001a,b,c |
| Medication use | ||||
| Psychotropics, % (N) | 67.2 (209) | 71.5 (651) | 77.4 (182) | 0.018b,c |
| SSRI, % (N) | 22.5 (70) | 26.3 (241) | 28.4 (68) | 0.457 |
| TCA, % (N) | 0.6 (2) | 4.1 (37) | 8.4 (20) | <0.001b |
| Benzodiazepine, % (N) | 22.2 (69) | 24.0 (218) | 28.0 (66) | 0.410 |
| Current diagnosis (last month) | 0.300 | |||
| Depression only, % (N) | 24.8 (77) | 24.1 (219) | 26.4 (63) | |
| Anxiety only, % (N) | 37.0 (115) | 37.1 (338) | 29.7 (71) | |
| Comorbidity, % (N) | 38.3 (119) | 38.5 (353) | 43.9 (105) | |
| Age of onset, mean (s.d.) | 18.1 (11.15) | 21.6 (12.77) | 22.64 (12.87) | 0.000a,b |
| Number of depression diagnoses | 0.192 | |||
| 1, % (N) | 46.6 (145) | 48.6 (442) | 50.2 (120) | |
| 2, % (N) | 16.4 (51) | 14.3 (130) | 20.1 (48) | |
| Number of anxiety diagnoses | 0.425 | |||
| 1, % (N) | 47.3 (147) | 48.9 (445) | 42.3 (101) | |
| 2, % (N) | 19.0 (59) | 20.4 (186) | 24.3 (58) | |
| 3, % (N) | 9.0 (28) | 6.6 (60) | 7.2 (17) | |
| Months with depression symptoms, mean (s.d.) | 21.4 (16.33) | 20.3 (14.19) | 21.7 (17.10) | 0.206 |
| Months with anxiety symptoms, mean (s.d.) | 26.8 (19.46) | 26.7 (19.57) | 24.5 (18.29) | 0.544 |
| Months with avoidance symptoms, mean (s.d.) | 30.3 (21.01) | 30.6 (22.55) | 26.6 (22.12) | 0.192 |
| Internalizing diagnoses | ||||
| MDD, % (N) | 53.7 (166) | 53.3 (485) | 63.2 (151) | 0.020b,c |
| Minor Depression, % (N) | 6.4 (20) | 5.9 (54) | 4.2 (10) | 0.496 |
| Dysthymia, % (N) | 19.6 (61) | 17.9 (163) | 23.0 (55) | 0.197 |
| Social phobia, % (N) | 42.8 (133) | 36.8 (335) | 35.6 (85) | 0.126 |
| Panic W. Agoraphobia, % (N) | 21.9 (78) | 25.3 (230) | 23.8 (57) | 0.473 |
| Panic W.O. Agoraphobia, % (N) | 10.6 (33) | 10.4 (95) | 11.7 (28) | 0.850 |
| Agoraphobia, % (N) | 9.6 (30) | 10.1 (92) | 13.0 (31) | 0.378 |
| GAD, % (N) | 27.3 (85) | 26.9 (245) | 28.0 (67) | 0.941 |
| Depression severitiy (IDS), mean (s.d.) | 29.70 (11.64) | 30.01 (12.11) | 34.39 (12.95) | <0.001b,c |
| Anxiety Severity (BAI), Mean (s.d.) | 16.64 (9.98) | 18.02 (10.48) | 20.99 (12.57) | <0.001b |
| Number of MDD episodes, mean (s.d.) | 4.9 (8.31) | 5.4 (11.84) | 4.7 (8.46) | 0.333 |
| IDS subscale | ||||
| Atypical, % (N) | 15.0 (45) | 19.6 (175) | 28.4 (66) | <0.001b |
| Melancholic, % (N) | 14.3 (43) | 10.5 (94) | 16.0 (37) | 0.035 |
| Bai subscale, mean (s.d.) | ||||
| Somatic | 9.5 (6.73) | 10.6 (7.03) | 13.0 (8.26) | <0.001b,c |
| Subjective | 7.1 (4.37) | 7.4 (4.46) | 8.0 (5.39) | 0.395 |
AUDIT, alcohol use disorder identification test; BAI, Beck Anxiety Inventory; BMI, body mass index; CIDI, Composite Interview Diagnostic Instrument; GAD, generalized anxiety disorder; IDS, Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology; MDD, major depression, NA, not applicable; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; TCA, tricyclic antidepressants.
*Based on ANOVA for continuous variables (post-hoc = Tukey), Kruskal–Wallis tests for non-normally distributed variables (post-hoc = Dunn test) and chi-square test for categorical variables.
Significant differences by class (at α < 0.05 corrected using the False Discovery Rate controlling method):
‘lean’ v. ‘average’ class.
‘lean’ v. ‘overweight’ class.
‘average’ v. ‘overweight’ class.