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. 2019 Feb 21;9:82. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00082

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Copyright © 2019 Ingangi, Minopoli, Ragone, Motti and Carriero.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Interplay between tumor microenvironment and cancer stem cells to form the metastatic niche. The metastatic niche is a complex network consisting of the extracellular matrix proteins (ECM), inflammatory and immune cells including tumor associated macrophages (TAMs), regulatory T cells (Treg), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC)s. Endothelial cells (EC), adipocytes, cancer associated fibroblasts (CAF), exosomes, microvesicles, and large oncosomes as well as signaling and soluble factors also support tumor cell colonization.