Table 1.
Several commonly used phytochemicals and their main components exhibiting different biological activities, modified from Liu (120).
| Scientific name | Common name | Main components | Biological activities |
|---|---|---|---|
| Allium saticum | Garlic | Allicin | Antimicrobial Anti-inflammatory |
| Capsicum | Pepper | Capsaicin | Antimicrobial Anti-inflammatory |
|
Cinnamomum verum J. Presl Cinnamomum osmophloeum |
Cinnamon | Cinnamaldehyde | Antimicrobial Anti-inflammatory Antioxidant |
|
Eugenia caryophyllus Spreng. Eugenia caryophylata Thunb |
Clove | Eugenol | Antioxidant |
| Foeniculum vulgare | Fennel | Anethol | Antioxidant |
| Funicular vulgare | Fennel | Anethol Eugenol |
Antimicrobial |
|
Origanum vulgare spp. Origanum onites Origanum minutiflorum |
Oregano Thyme |
Carvacrol | Antimicrobial Anti-inflammatory Antioxidant |
| Punica granatum | Pomegranate | Ellagic acid | Anti-inflammatory |
|
Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Eugenia caryophyllata |
Cloves Fennel | Anethol Eugenol |
Antimicrobial Anti-inflammatory |
|
Thymus vulgaris L. Thymbra spicata |
Thyme Fennel |
Thymol Carvacrol Terpinene |
Antimicrobial Anti-inflammatory Antioxidant |
| Zanthoxylum schinifolium | Rutaceae | Citronellal β-Phellandrene |
Anti-inflammatory |
| Zingiber officinale | Ginger | Curcumin Gingerol |
Antimicrobial Anti-inflammatory Antioxidant |