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. 2019 Feb 21;10:298. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00298

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Copyright © 2019 Bornkessel-Schlesewsky and Schlesewsky.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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N400 modulations needing to be explained by a comprehensive account of the component. Left branches: “classical” N400 effects in context and at the word level (see, for example Kutas and Federmeier, 2011). Right-branches: additional effects at the sentence level and above. Effect 6 refers to cross-linguistic variability in the N400 response to semantic reversal anomalies (SRAs, see Bornkessel-Schlesewsky et al., 2011). Effects 7 through 9 and 10 refer to higher-order context effects and learning effects, respectively (see section “The Influence of Top-Down Modulations / Higher-Order Context Effects” in main text for references). Finally, effects 11a and b reflect N400 modulations through highly salient input stimuli (Lotze et al., 2011; Delaney-Busch and Kuperberg, 2013), while 12 is related to the actorhood potential of a noun phrase (Bornkessel-Schlesewsky and Schlesewsky, 2009b, 2013a; Frenzel et al., 2015).