Table 2.
Included studies.
| Studies | Year | Setting | Participants (n) | Diagnostic criteria | Mean Age (SD) | Gender (% males) | Outcomes | Outcome Measures Total Score Mean (SD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Konstantareas et al. (35) | 2001 | Continuing care program of a psychiatric research institute | Autism (14) Schizophrenia (14) | DSM-III-; Leiter; SANS; SAPS; SCID. | 25.3 (4.4) 25.3 (4.4) | 100 100 | CARS | 35.36 (4.4) 19.36 (2.1) |
| Naito et al. (36) | 2010 | Kobe university hospital Kansai-Seishonen Sanatorium | Autism (51) Schizophrenia (46) | DSM-IV-TR; S-scale; WAIS-R; WAIS-III. | 28.8 (9.4) 34.1 (9.6) | 78 50 | AQ Adult Japanese Version | 32.6 (6.8) 21.8 (7.4) |
| Sasamoto et al. (37) | 2011 | Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kyoto University Hospital | Schizophrenia (20) Healthy controls (25) | JART; PANSS; SCID-I/P (version 2.0); WAIS–R (vocabulary and block design). | 34.5 (8.8) 34.5 (9.4) | 70 64 | AQ Adult Japanese Version | 25.35 (6.6) 14.48 (6.9) |
| Solomon et al. (18) | 2011 | UC Davis EDAPT clinic | Clinical High risk for psychosis (met criteria for the attenuated positive symptom risk state) (15) First episode schizophrenia (16) Autism (20) Healthy controls (20) | ADOS-G mod 3, 4; CCC-2; DSM-IV-TR; SCID-I/P; SCQ; SIPS; WASI. | 14.1 (2.2) 17.0 (1.8) 15.1 (2.2) 14.8 (2.1) | 66 75 80 65 | SRS | (13.9)72.5 (20.7) 79.55 (11.8) 42.8 (9.3) |
| Guo et al. (38) | 2011 | Institute of mental health Peking University | Autism (94) ADHD (45) Childhood onset schizophrenia (26) Healthy controls (120) | DSM-IV | 6.7 (3.9) 8.8 (2.2) 13.8 (3) 6.0 (1.3) | Not Reported | CH-ASSQ Mandarine Chinese Version | 25.3 (9.2) 10.4 (7.1) 12.2 (10.6) 25.3 (9.2) |
| Jalbrzikowski et al. (39) | 2013 | CAPPS or the adolescent brain and behavior reaserch center | Youths at clinical high risk (58) Adolescents with a psychotic disorder (20) Healthy controls (36) | DSM-IV-TR; K-SADS; SCID-I/P; SIPS; WASI. | 15.5 (1.9) 15.7 (1.6) 15.0 (1.5) | 64 45 50 | GFS; GFR; aSRS | 67.2 (15) 70.7 (12.2) 47.8 (11.4) |
| Lugnegard et al. (40) | 2014 | Department of Psychiatry Central Hospital Karlstad Sweden | Asperger Syndrome (51) Schizophrenic psychosis (schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, schizophreniform disorder) (36) Healthy controls (49) | DISCO-11; SCID-I; WAIS-III (vocabulary) | 27.1 (4.1) 29.1 (4.2) 28.6 (9.2) | 47 63 38 | AQ Adult Version | 26.7 (8.9) 22.7 (6.2) 13.4 (6.4) |
| de Bildt et al. (41) | 2015 | University Medical Center Groningen | ASD-high functioning (38) Schizophrenia (18) Psychopathy (16) Controls (first degree relatives) (21) | DSM-IV-TR | 31.8 (11.2) 37.0 (10.7) 39.0 (10.6) 34.2 (9.1) | 100 100 100 100 | ADOS-2 module 4 revised algorithm (Hus and Lord 2014) | 10.37 (5.7) 7.28 (4.1) 3.31 (2) 2.67 (2.3) |
| Matsuo et al. (42) | 2015 | National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Hospital, Tokyo | Schizophrenia (44) Major depressive disorder (125) Bipolar disorder (56) Healthy controls (65) | DSM-IV-TR; HDRS-17; Japanese version of Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview; PANSS; WAIS-III; YMRS. | 36.9 (7.5) 41.5 (9.2) 40.4 (7.8) 42.2 (8.2) | 46 56 46 28 | SRS for Adults | 59.6 (25) 48.7 (25) 55.4 (25.8) 32.5 (19.1) |
| Martinez et al. (43) | 2016 | Service Hospitalo-Universitaire in Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris | Schizophrenia (36) Autism (19) Healthy controls (20) | ADI-R; BPRS-24; DIGS; DSM-IV-TR; MASC-FR; PANSS; TLC; WAIS III. | 23.4 (3.5) 22.7 (4.1) 23.4 (3.6) | 83 78 85 | AQ | 20.9 (7.5) 30.2 (8.3) 14.1 (10.1) |
| Zhang et al. (44) | 2016 | Mental Health Center of Anhui Province | Autism (32) Schizophrenia (37) Obsessive-compulsive disorder (38) Healthy controls (38) | DSM IV-TR; Raven test. | 19.4 (3.8) 20.9 (3.6) 21.2 (3.1) 21.3 (3.3) | 81 81 81 78 | AQ Mandarin Chinese Version | 133.4 (10.1) 120.5 (6.8) 118.3 (8.3) 103.5 (8.5) |
| Ota et al. (45) | 2017 | National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Hospital, Tokyo | Schizophrenia (37) Healthy controls (62) | DSM-5; Japanese Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview; PANSS. | 36.2 (9.5) 40.6 (13.) | 45 27 | SRS for Adults | 60.6 (24) 32.2 (16) |
| Upthegrove et al. (46) | 2017 | Birmingham Early Intervention Services | First episode psychosis (99) Healthy controls (381) | AQ; BHS; CAPEp; CESD-R; PANSS; SBQ-R. | 25.6 (5.0) 20.6 (3.0) | 67 21 | AQ | 20.76 (8) 15.32 (6) |
ADOS-G, Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Generic; ADOS-2, Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition; ADI-R, Autism Diagnostic Interview – Revised; AQ, Autism-Spectrum Quotient; BHS, Beck Hopelessness Scale; BPRS, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; CAPEp, Community Assessment of Psychotic Experiences; CARS, Childhood Autism rating Scale; CCC-2, Children's Communication Checklist-2; CESD-R, The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale-Revised; CH-ASSQ, Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire; DIGS, Diagnosis Interview for Genetic Studies; DISCO 11, The diagnostic interview for Social and Communication Disorders version 11; DSM III-R, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, Revision; DSM-IV-TR, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision; DSM-5, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; JART, Japanese version of the National Adult Reading Test; K-SADS, Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia; HDRS-17, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; LEITER, Leiter International Performance Scale; MASC-FR, Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; SANS, Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms; SAPS, Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms; SBQ-R, The Suicide Behaviours Questionnaire-Revised; S-scale, Additional questions about psychotic symptoms; SCID-I/P, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR; SCQ, Social Communication Questionnaire; SIPS, Structured Interview for Prodromal Symptoms; SRS, Social Responsiveness Scale; TLC, Thought Language and Communication Scale; WAIS, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale; WASI, Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence; YMRS, YoungMania Rating Scale.