Table 3.
Data analysis results.
| Comparison | Outcome | Studies | SMD | 95% CI | z-score | p-value | I2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Schizophrenia vs. healthy controls | |||||||
| all scales | 11 | 1.39 | 1.11 to 1.68 | 9.50 | 0.000 | 72.9% | |
| AQ total | 5 | 1.68 | 0.84 to 2.51 | 3.93 | 0.000 | 93.0% | |
| AQ social | 3 | 1.24 | 0.94 to 1.54 | 8.08 | 0.000 | 0.0% | |
| AQ switching | 3 | 0.75 | 0.03 to 1.47 | 2.04 | 0.042 | 83.4% | |
| AQ attention to details | 3 | 0.27 | −0.01 to 0.54 | 1.90 | 0.057 | 0.0% | |
| AQ communication | 3 | 1.38 | 0.99 to 1.77 | 7.01 | 0.000 | 35.2% | |
| AQ immagination | 3 | 0.96 | 0.67 to 1.25 | 6.45 | 0.000 | 0.0% | |
| Schizophrenia vs. autism | |||||||
| all scales | 8 | −1.27 | −1.77 to−0.76 | 4.95 | 0.000 | 84.0% | |
| AQ total | 4 | −1.17 | −1.69 to−0.65 | 4.43 | 0.000 | 76.9% | |
| AQ social | 3 | −0.66 | −1.09 to−0.23 | 3.05 | 0.002 | 64.2% | |
| AQ switching | 3 | −0.87 | −1.13 to−0.61 | 6.59 | 0.000 | 0.0% | |
| AQ attention to details | 3 | −0.59 | −0.84 to−0.34 | 4.59 | 0.000 | 0.0% | |
| AQ communication | 3 | −0.70 | −1.38 to−0.02 | 2.02 | 0.043 | 85.4% | |
| AQ immagination | 3 | −0.56 | −1.07 to−0.06 | 2.02 | 0.028 | 74.5% | |
| SUBGROUP ANALYSES | |||||||
| Schizophrenia vs. healthy controls | |||||||
| Age > 18 y, all scales | 8 | 1.35 | 1.02 to 1.68 | 8.05 | 0.000 | 74.3% | |
| Age < 18 y, all scales | 3 | 1.56 | 0.81 to 2.31 | 4.09 | 0.000 | 76.9% | |
| Only schizophrenia, all scales | 8 | 1.27 | 0.96 to 1.59 | 7.84 | 0.000 | 73.4% | |
| Schizophrenia spectrum, all scales | 3 | 1.70 | 1.35 to 2.05 | 9.48 | 0.000 | 0.0% | |
| Schizophrenia vs. autism | |||||||
| Age > 18 y, all scales | 5 | −1.06 | −1.52 to −0.60 | 4.54 | 0.000 | 75.1% | |
| Age < 18 y, all scales | 3 | −1.96 | −3.54 to −0.38 | 2.44 | 0.015 | 92.5% | |
| Only schizophrenia, all scales | 1 | −2.80 | −3.36 to −2.24 | 9.75 | 0.000 | 0.0% | |
| Schizophrenia spectrum, all scales | 2 | −0.48 | −0.85 to −0.12 | 2.61 | 0.009 | 0.0% | |