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. 2019 Feb 27;9:2946. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-39897-6

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(A) The Thoratec HMII (left) and VAD_proto (right) VADs shown at the same scale. (B) Interior design schematics of the MIN_DTE, and (inset) the modified impeller of MAX_DTE with a 5 mm segment of impeller blades removed. The red dotted arrow indicates the flow direction. The inlet and outlet diameters were 11.1 and 12.45 mm, respectively. The simulation boundary conditions were described in text boxes and pointed to the designated sections.