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. 2019 Feb 27;9:2895. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-39681-6

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Palmitate treatment enhances SUMOylation and reduces insulin secretion. (A) GSIS expressed as fold increase in stimulation comparing 16.7 mM glucose stimulation to 3 mM glucose stimulation, in INS-1E cells exposed to 0.2 mM or 0.5 mM palmitate for 96 hours. *p < 0.05 in 1-way ANOVA (n = 6). (B) Representative Western blot showing total cellular SUMOylation levels (above) and alpha-tubulin (below) of cells treated as in (A). (C) Quantification of whole cells SUMOylation levels, normalised to alpha tubulin levels, in these cells. SUMOylation is expressed as % of that seen in vehicle control. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, 1-way ANOVA (n = 16). (D) Total insulin content of cells, assayed by ELISA, exposed to vehicle control, 0.2 mM and 0.5 mM palmitate. *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01, 1-way ANOVA (n = 6). Data are presented +/− SEM.