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. 2019 Feb 27;9:2898. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-39685-2

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematic of the spatial and verbal N-back tasks. (a) Illustration of the spatial N-back task. Three conditions are involved in the task: 0-back, 1-back, and 2-back. Participants should make responses to the location of the yellow box each trial (1 represents up, 2 represents left, 3 represents right, and 4 represents down). The arrow under each stimulus indicates the correct response key. (b) Illustration of the verbal N-back task. Four conditions are involved in the task: 0-back, 1-back, 2-back, and 3-back. For the 0-back condition, participants should click ‘left’ botton when the letter X is presented, and click ‘right’ botton when other letters are presented. For the other conditions, participants should click ‘left’ button when the current letter matches the letter 1/2/3 times ago, otherwise click ‘right’ button.