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. 2019 Feb 27;9:2898. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-39685-2

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Structural equation model with general intelligence (IQ), cognitive control (CC), and working memory (WM) as latent variables. Double-headed arrows connecting second-order latent variables (ellipses) represent the correlations between constructs. Single-headed arrows from the second-order latent variables to the first-order latent variables (ellipses), and from the latent variables to the manifest variables (rectangles) represent the loadings on the constructs. Single-heading arrows with numbers pointing to the manifest variables represent the error variance of each task. Double-headed lines connecting the error variances represent the correlations between measures. Standardized coefficients of correlations and loadings are presented next to the arrows. Significant paths are displayed by the solid lines (ps < 0.05), while nonsignificant paths are displayed by the dashed lines.