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. 2019 Feb 27;9:2933. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-37588-2

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Block diagram of the combined PA and EVLA system. The ablation fiber carries the combined beam from the pulse laser and the CW ablation laser through a dichroic mirror and provides simultaneous ablation fiber tip tracking and real time temperature monitoring inside the vein. Supplementary Movie 4 shows the combined CW laser beam (λ = 808 nm) and pulsed laser beam (λ = 532 nm) using proposed optics.