Fig. 2. PPARδ ligands induce autophagy in PMH.

a PMH were treated with the PPARδ ligand GW501516 (1 μM) for the indicated time (0, 1, 3, 6, 12, or 24 h) or at different concentrations (0.01, 0.1, 1 or 10 μM) for 24 h, and LC3-II was examined by western blot. b Western blot analysis of autophagy markers after hepatocytes were treated with a PPARδ ligand (1 µM GW0742 or GW501516) for 24 h. c Ad-GFP-LC3-infected hepatocytes were treated with GW0742 or GW501516 (both at 1 μM) for 12 h and examined by fluorescence microscopy. Scale bar: 10 μm. d Representative EM images of PMH treated with GW0742 for 24 h. Arrows indicate autophagosomes. Scale bar: 1 μm. Three independent experiments were performed