Fig. 7. PPARδ is required to upregulate autophagy in vitro.

a HepG2 cells were infected with lentivirus-mediated control shRNA or PPARδ shRNA at a multiplicity of infection of 10 in 6-well plates for 72 h; then, QPCR analysis of PPARδ gene expression was performed to assess the knockout efficiency. b HepG2 cells were first infected with lentivirus-mediated control shRNA or PPARδ shRNA for 24 h and then treated with the PPARδ ligand GW501516 (1 μM) for another 72 h. Control cells were cells treated with negative control shRNA with or without GW501516. Protein expression levels were determined by western blot. c, d QPCR analysis of genes involved in fatty acid β-oxidation. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM of 3 independent experiments. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001