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. 2019 Feb 27;9:2982. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-39289-w

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

C₅-elongation and cyclization pathways for natural (C₅₀) and nonnatural (C₆₀) carotenoids. (a) Natural C₄₀-to-C₅₀ carotenoid pathway. Using lycopene (C₄₀) as a substrate, the lycopene elongases CrtEb from Corynebacterium and CrtE2 from M. luteus attaches two isoprene units to C₄₀. The resulting flavuxanthin (C₅₀) is then cyclized by the γ- and/or ε-cyclases CrtYe/Yf (Corynebacterium) or CrtYg/Yh (M. luteus) to produce sarcinaxanthin, sarprenoxanthin, or decaprenoxanthin (all C₅₀). LbtABC genes from Dietzia sp. CQ4 produces the β,β-cyclic C₅₀ carotenoid C.p.450 via the independent intermediate C.p.496. (b) Nonnatural C₅₀-to-C₆₀ carotenoid pathway construction. Combined expression of Corynebacterium and M. luteus elongases and cyclases resulted in the conversion of laboratory-generated C₅₀-lycopene to C₆₀ carotenoids with γ and/or ε-cyclic ends. We could not obtain C₆₀ counterparts of β-end C₅₀ carotenoids (indicated in arrows with dashed lines).