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. 2019 Feb 27;9:2977. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-39574-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of RAE1 overexpression in xenograft tumor progression. (A,B) In vivo xenograft models of breast cancer metastasis. Three cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-231:empty vec, and MDA-MB-231:RAE1) were injected into the fat pads of nude mice. Four nude mice were used for each cell line. (A) Migration distance from 6 hrs to 11 weeks after injection. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. (B) Measurement of metastatic spread of cancer cells to other organs (liver, pancreas, spleen, kidney, lung, and heart) at 11 weeks after injection. Yellow arrow heads indicate tumors formed at the injection site and black arrow heads indicate tumors formed at the fat pad opposite to the injection site. (C) Quantification analysis of signals in liver metastasis and tumors on fat pads of Fig. 1B shows average radiant efficiency. Each blue circle (injection of control cells) and red triangle (injection of RAE1 overexpressing cells) represents an individual xenograft, and empty circles and triangles indicate the no tumor has developed in the organ. In the graph, the horizontal lines represent the average value of each experimental group. *P < 0.05.