Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies.
| Study (year) | Participants | N, age | Intervention type Duration, frequency |
Control condition |
Sleep related outcome measures | Dropouts (%) |
Study type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part 1 Studies used active control conditions | |||||||
| Gross 2011 | Chronic primary insomnia | 30, 21-65 | Meditation-MBSR | PCT | PSQI, ISI, Actigraphy, sleep diary | 10% | RCT |
| 2.5hr/wk, 8wk | |||||||
| Boettcher 2014 | Anxiety disorder | 91, 38(10.3) | Meditation | Online discussion forum | ISI | 11% | RCT |
| 1 module/wk, 8wk | |||||||
| Garland 2014 | Insomnia comorbid with cancer | 111, 58.89(11.08) | Meditation-MBSR | CBT-I | PSQI, ISI, Actigraphy, sleep diary | 50% | RCT |
| 90min/wk, 8wk | |||||||
| Ong 2014 | Chronic insomnia | 35, 42.9(12.2) | Meditation-MBSR&MBTI | Self-monitoring condition | ISI, PSAS, PSG, Actigraphy, sleep diary | 31.58% | RCT |
| 2.5hr/wk&6hr retreat between 5-7wk, 8wk | |||||||
| Black 2015 | Older adults | 49, 66.34(7.4) | Meditation-MAPs | SHE program | PSQI; Athens Insomnia Scale | 12.5% | RCT |
| 2hr/wk, 6wk | |||||||
| Alder 2017 | Adults with obesity | 194, 47(12.49) | Meditation-MBWLI | PMR | PSQI | 20% | RCT |
| 2-2.5hr ×16, 5.5 mons | |||||||
| Gordon 2017 | Fibromyalgia | 148, 46.88(9.43) | Meditation-MAT | CBTG | PSQI | 27% | RCT |
| 2hr/wk, 8wk | |||||||
| Wong 2017 | Adults with chronic primary insomnia | 216, 56.09(9.4) | Meditation-MBCT | PEEC | ISI; sleep diary | 9% | RCT |
| 2.5hr/wk, 8wk | |||||||
| Larkey 2015 | Breast cancer survivors | 101, 58.8(8.94) | Qigong/Tai Chi-QG/TCE | Sham Qigong | PSQI | 12.24% | RCT |
| 60min/wk, 12wk | |||||||
| Li 2004 | Older adults with sleep complaints | 118, 75.37(7.77) | Tai Chi-Easy Tai Chi | Low-impact exercise | PSQI, ESS | 32.26% | RCT |
| 60min×3/wk, 24wk | |||||||
| Irwin 2008 | Older adults | 52, 70.12(6.68) | Tai Chi-TCC | Health education | PSQI | 11.86% | RCT |
| 40min×3/wk, 16wk | |||||||
| WANG 2010 | Elderly with cerebrovascular disorder | 34, 77.06(10.95) | Tai Chi-Simplified Yang-style | Rehabilitation program | PSQI | 5.88% | RCT |
| 50min/wk, 12wk | |||||||
| Jones 2012 | Fibromyalgia | 101, 54.04 | Tai Chi-Modified Yang-style | Education | PSQI | 0% | RCT |
| 1.5 hr×2/wk, 12wk | |||||||
| Irwin 2014 | Older adults with chronic and primary insomnia | 73, 66.33(7.45) | Tai Chi | Sleep seminar education control | PSQI, Athens Insomnia Scale, ESS, PSG, sleep diary | 16.67% | RCT |
| 2hr/wk, 4months | |||||||
| Bongi 2016 | Fibromyalgia | 44, 52.24(12.19) |
Tai Chi-Tai Ji Quan 60min×2/wk, 16wk |
Educational course about FMS | PSQI | NR | RCT |
| Irwin 2017 | Breast cancer survivors | 90, 59.8(8.58) | Tai Chi-Tai Chi Chih | CBT-I | PSQI, AISI, ESS, PSG, sleep diary | 15.56% | RCT |
| 2hr×8wk+1month skill consolidation | |||||||
| Lü 2017 | Knee osteoarthritis women | 46, 64.57(3.38) |
Tai Chi-Tai Ji Quan 60min×3/wk, 24wk |
Wellness education classes | PSQI, sleep latency, total sleep time, sleep efficiency | 8.70% | RCT |
| Innes 2012 | Older Women with Restless Legs Syndrome | 20, 58.7(8.1) |
Yoga-lyengar yoga program 90min×2/wk, 8wk |
Education film intervention | PSQI | 20% | RCT |
|
| |||||||
| Part 2 Studies used inactive control conditions | |||||||
| Britton 2012 | Antidepressant users with sleep complaints | 26, 46.97(7.8) | Meditation-MBCT | Wait-list control condition | PSG, sleep diary | 6.67% | RCT |
| 3hr/wk, 8wk | |||||||
| Johns 2015 | fatigued Cancer survivors | 35, 57.29(9.3) | Meditation-MBSR-CRF | Wait-list control condition | ISI | 0% | RCT |
| 2hr/wk, 7wk | |||||||
| Bower 2015 | Younger Breast Cancer survivors | 71, <50years | Meditation-MAPs | Wait-list control condition | PSQI | 10.26% | RCT |
| 2hr/wk, 6wk | |||||||
| Lengacher 2015 | Breast cancer | 79, 57(9.7) | Meditation-MBSR | Usual care | PSQI, Actigraphy, sleep diary | 0% | RCT |
| 2hr/wk, 6wk | |||||||
| Jensen 2015 | Stressed person with poor sleep quality | 72, 42(9) | Meditation-Open and Calm | Usual treatment | PSQI | 6% | RCT |
| 2.5hr/wk, 9wk | |||||||
| Zhang 2015 | Older adults with chronic insomnia | 60, 78.1(2.99) | Meditation-MBSR | Wait-list control condition | PSQI | 3.33% | RCT |
| 2hr/wk, 8wk | |||||||
| Zhang 2017 | Leukemnia patients in chemotherapy | 76, 39.03(9.14) | Meditation-MBPC | Conventional care | PSQI | 13.16% | RCT |
| 30-40min/wk, 5wk | |||||||
| Chen 2012 | Older people | 56, 71.75(8.13) | Qigong-Baduanjin Qigong | No treatment | PSQI | 3.57% | RCT |
| 30min×3/wk, 12wk | |||||||
| Lynch 2012 | Fibromyalgia | 100, 52.49(8.71) | Qigong-CFQ | Wait-list control condition | PSQI | 16.98% | RCT |
| 40-60min/day, 8wk | |||||||
| Chen 2013 | Breast cancer | 96, 45(8.1) | Qigong-Guo-lin New Qigong | Wait-list control condition | PSQI | 0% | RCT |
| 40min×5/wk, 5 or 6wk | |||||||
| Chan 2014 | CFS patients | 150, 39(7.93) | Qigong-Baduanjin Qigong | Wait-list control condition | PSQI | 13.33% | RCT |
| 1.5hr×16sessions arranged over 9wk | |||||||
| McQuade 2017 | Prostate cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy | 50, 64.23(8.1) | Qigong/Tai Chi-QGTC | Wait-list control condition | PSQI | 19.2% | RCT |
| 40min×4/wk, during radiotherapy | |||||||
| Frye 2007 | Older adults | 54, 69.2(9.26) | Tai Chi-Yang-style tai chi | Non-exercise control | PSQI | 25.8% | RCT |
| 60min×3/wk, 12wk | |||||||
| Hosseini 2011 | Older adult residents in nursing home | 62, 69.08(5.38) | Tai Chi-Yang-style tai chi | Routine daily activity | PSQI | 12.90% | RCT |
| 20-25min×3/wk, 12wk | |||||||
| Nguyen 2012 | Older adults | 96, 68.9(5.1) | Tai Chi | Routine daily activity | PSQI | 18.75% | RCT |
| 1hr×2/wk, 24wk | |||||||
| Taylor-Piliae 2014 | Community-dwelling survivors of stroke | 101, 69.9(10) | Tai Chi-Yang-style tai chi | Usual care | PSQI | 9.43% | RCT |
| 60min×3/wk, 12wk | |||||||
| Cohen 2004 | Lymphoma patients | 38, 51 | Yoga-Tibetan yoga | Wait-list control condition | PSQI | NR | RCT |
| Yoga session×1/wk, 7wk | |||||||
| Manjunath 2005 | geriatric population with self-reported sleep difficulty | 46, 71.2(7.85) | Yoga | Wait-list control condition | Sleep rating questionnaire | 21.74% | RCT |
| 60min×6/wk, 24wk | |||||||
| Chen 2009 | Older adults with sleep complaints | 139, 68.98(6.18) | Yoga-sliver yoga program | Wait-list control condition | PSQI | 7.46% | RCT |
| 70min×3/wk, 24wk | |||||||
| Afonso 2012 | Postmenopausal women with insomnia diagnosed | 40, 50-65years | Yoga | Wait-list control condition | ISI | 37.50% | RCT |
| 1hr×2/wk, 4months | |||||||
| Hariprasad 2013 | Elderly with sleep disturbances | 120, 75.28(6.89) | Yoga-yoga program | Wait-list control condition | PSQI | 29.03% | RCT |
| 60min×7/wk, 24wk | |||||||
| Köhn 2013 | Patients with stress-related symptoms or diagnoses | 39, 53.03(12.17) | Yoga-medical yoga | Standard care | ISI | 10% | RCT |
| 60min/wk, 12wk | |||||||
| Mustian 2013 | Cancer survivors | 410, 54.1(10.33) | Yoga-YOCAS® | Standard care | PSQI, Actigraphy | 18.45% | RCT |
| 75min×2/wk, 4wk | |||||||
| Chandwani 2014 | Breast Cancer | 107, 52.24(9.79) | Yoga | Usual care | PSQI | 7.50% | RCT |
| 60min×3/wk, 6wk | |||||||
| Cheung 2014 | Older women with knee osteoarthritis | 36, 71.9 | Yoga-Hatha yoga | Wait-list control condition | PSQI | 0% | RCT |
| 60min/wk, 8wk | |||||||
| Newton 2014 | Women with menopausal vasomotor symptoms | 249, 54.24(3.67) | Yoga | Usual activity | PSQI, ISI | 1.87% | RCT |
| 90min/wk, 12wk | |||||||
| Fang 2015 | Nurse with poor sleep in China | 120, 35.58(10.43) | Yoga | Non-yoga control group | PSQI | 11.48% | RCT |
| 50-60min×2/wk, 6months | |||||||
| Jindani 2015 | Adults with Posttraumatic Stress | 80, 41(18-64) | Yoga-Kundalini yoga | Wait-list control condition | ISI | 30% | RCT |
| 90min/wk, 8wk | |||||||
| Cramer 2016 | Colorectal cancer patients | 54, 68.3(9.7) | Yoga-Hatha yoga | Wait-list control condition | PSQI | 22.22% | RCT |
| 90min/wk, 10wk | |||||||
| Buchanan 2017 | Menopausal Women with Hot Flashes | 132, 54.63(3.8) | Yoga-based on Viniyoga | Usual activity | Actigraphy | 40.38% | RCT |
| 90min/wk, 12wk | |||||||
| Chaoul 2018 | Breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy | 159, 49.23(9.93) | Yoga-Tibetan yoga | Usual care | PSQI | 13.5% | RCT |
| 75-90minutes×4/wk, 12wk | |||||||
Abbreviations. PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; ISI: Insomnia Severity Index; PSAS: Presleep Arousal Scale; AISI: Athens Insomnia Severity Index; ESS: Epworth Sleepiness Scale; SWS: slow-wave sleep; PSG: polysomnography; MBSR: mindfulness-based stress reduction; MBCT: mindfulness-based cognitive therapy; MAPs: mindful awareness practices; MBTI: mindfulness-based therapy for insomnia; MBWLI: mindfulness-based weight loss intervention; MAT: meditation awareness training; MBPC: mindfulness-based psychological care; PMR: progressive muscle relaxation; PCT: pharmacotherapy; CBT-I: cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia; CBTG: Cognitive behavioral theory for groups; SHE: sleep hygiene education; PEEC: psychoeducation with stretching exercise control; CFQ: Chaoyi Fanhuan Qigong; RCT: randomized controlled trials; NR: not report