Table 6.

Outcome of reduced sleep efficiency (≤88% on actigraphy)^*

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
PM2.5 1 yr prior	n = 1,822	n = 1,750	n = 1,750
Per 5 μg/m3 PM2.5	1.34 (0.91–1.98)	1.00 (0.63–1.58)	0.92 (0.53–1.60)
PM2.5 5 yr prior	n = 1,843	n = 1,770	n = 1,770
Per 5 μg/m3 PM2.5	1.51 (1.09–2.09)‡	1.28 (0.88–1.87)	1.07 (0.59–1.93)
Short-term PM2.5	n = 1,811	n = 1,711
PM2.5 day prior†	1.00 (0.98–1.02)	1.01 (0.98–1.04)	1.01 (0.98–1.04)
PM2.5 day of polysomnography†	1.01 (0.98–1.03)	0.99 (0.97–1.02)	1.01 (0.98–1.03)

Definition of abbreviation: PM_2.5 = particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter.

PM_2.5 exposure estimates (in 5 μg/m³ units), averaged over 1–5 years before sleep assessment, presented as odds ratio (95% confidence interval).

^*Adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, obstructive sleep apnea (apnea–hypopnea index ≥ 15) (model 1); model 1 plus race/ethnicity, income, smoking status, diabetes, hypertension, short sleep duration (<6 h), and residential socioeconomic status (model 2); model 2 plus site (model 3).

^†Short-term PM_2.5 values are citywide levels from the day of and day before overnight polysomnography. The values have been preadjusted for seasonal and meteorological trends.

^‡P < 0.05.