Table 3.
Effects of PIPA on constipation in mice.
| CON | AD | H-PIPA | M-PIPA | L-PIPA | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Small intestine propulsive (%) | 54.34 ± 12.55a | 25.45 ± 10.05c | 39.68 ± 7.96b | 32.11 ± 6.79c | 32.07 ± 7.65c |
| Excretive fecal pellets | 79.23 ± 6.14a | 30.38 ± 7.73c | 57.38 ± 9.46b | ∖ | ∖ |
| Colonic neurotransmitters | |||||
| ACh (μg/mg⋅TP) | 9.27 ± 15.55 | 8.24 ± 5.49 | 11.16 ± 10.37 | ∖ | ∖ |
| 5-HT (ng/mg⋅TP) | 2.35 ± 0.71a | 1.46 ± 0.67b | 1.62 ± 0.6ab | ∖ | ∖ |
a,b,c Different letters indicated significant differences among groups (Mann–Whitney U test, p < 0.05). ∖indicated these tests were not performed in the study.