Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies
| Year | N | Published | Design | %Male | % Cauc-asian | M age | Sports type | Type of moral climate | Type of moral behavior | On or off-field |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bruner et al. (2018) | 100 | Yes | Longitudinal | 55 | – | 13,24 | Hockey | Both | Both | On-field |
| Benson and Bruner (2018) | 376 | Yes | Cross-sectional | 67 | – | 13,71 | Ice hockey | Both | Both | On-field |
| Biesta et al. (2001) | 260 | No | Cross-sectional | 59 | 80 | 14,80 | Soccer & Swimming | Both | Both | Off-field |
| Bolter and Kipp (2016) | 246 | Yes | Cross-Sectional | 58 | 87 | 11,80 | Basketball, Volleybal, Baseball, Softball | Prosocial | Both | On-field |
| Bortoli et al. (2012) | 388 | Yes | Longitudinal | 100 | – | 14,90 | Soccer | Antisocial | Antisocial | On-field |
| Brand (2016) | 34 | No | Longitudinal | 65 | 26 | 14,06 | Kickboks | Antisocial | Antisocial | On-field |
| Chow et al. (2009) | 258 | Yes | Cross-sectional | 39 | 87 | – | Soccer | Prosocial | Antisocial | On-field |
| De Reus (2018) | 43 | No | Cross-sectional | 100 | 95 | 16,44 | Soccer | Both | Antisocial | On-field |
| Fry and Gano-Overway (2010) | 184 | Yes | Cross-sectional | 21 | 90 | 13,19 | Soccer | Prosocial | Prosocial | Off-field |
| Gano-Overway (2013) | 528 | Yes | Cross-sectional | 46 | 75 | 12,38 | Physical education | Prosocial | Both | Off-field |
| Gano-Overway et al. (2009) | 253 | Yes | Cross-sectional | 50 | 0 | 11,80 | Swimming, Basketball, Martial arts | Prosocial | Both | Both |
| Guivernau and Duda (2002) | 253 | Yes | Cross-sectional | 70 | 95 | 15,39 | Soccer | Antisocial | Antisocial | On-field |
| Kavussanu and Spray (2006) | 325 | Yes | Cross-sectional | 100 | – | 14,58 | Soccer | Antisocial | Antisocial | On-field |
| Malete et al. (2013) | 506 | Yes | Cross-sectional | 77 | 0 | 15,91 | Soccer | Antisocial | Antisocial | On-field |
| Mary et al. (2007) | 429 | Yes | Cross-sectional | 60 | – | 14,70 | Basketball, Volleyball, Soccer | Antisocial | Both | On-field |
| Miller et al. (2005) | 605 | Yes | Cross-sectional | 60 | – | – | Soccer | Antisocial | Antisocial | On-field |
| Orr (2012) | 413 | No | Cross-sectional | 0 | – | 12,05 | Softball | Antisocial | Antisocial | On-field |
| Romand et al. (2009) | 219 | Yes | Cross-sectional | 100 | – | 14,78 | Soccer | Antisocial | Antisocial | On-field |
| Rutten et al. (2010) | 99 | Yes | Longitudinal | 100 | 46 | 14,62 | Soccer | Both | Antisocial | On-field |
| Rutten et al. (2008) | 331 | Yes | Cross-sectional | 100 | 51 | 14 | Soccer | Both | Both | Both |
| Rutten et al. (2007) | 260 | Yes | Cross-sectional | 59 | 80 | 14,80 | Soccer & competitive swimming | Both | Prosocial | Off-field |
| Rutten et al. (2011) | 439 | Yes | Cross-sectional | 100 | 65 | 15,30 | Soccer, Basketball, Athletics, Taikwando | Both | Both | Both |
| Shields et al. (2007) | 676 | Yes | Cross-sectional | 56 | 70 | 12,10 | Basketball, Soccer, Baseball, Softball, Football, Hockey, Lacrosse | Antisocial | Antisocial | On-field |
| Spruit et al. (2016a, b) | 155 | Yes | Longitudinal | 92 | 78 | 14,48 | Soccer, Baseball, Basketball | Prosocial | Both | On-field |
| Stephens (2000) | 307 | Yes | Cross-sectional | 67 | – | 12,04 | Soccer | Antisocial | Antisocial | On-field |
| Stephens and Bredemeier (1996) | 212 | Yes | Cross-sectional | 0 | 78 | 11,47 | Soccer | Antisocial | Antisocial | On-field |
| Stephens and Kavanagh (2003) | 267 | Yes | Cross-sectional | 62 | – | 13,10 | Ice hockey | Antisocial | Antisocial | Both |