Table 1.
Means, etc. for WHOQOL-BREF domains and items, and all predictor variables for both waves
| All w1 | W1 non-returned | W1 returneda | W4 | Change (w1–w4) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | α | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | α | Mean (SD) | |
| N | 460–554 | 325–425 | 129 | 124–129 | 123–129 | ||
| Physical QoL | 14.86 (2.78) | 0.844 | 14.64 (2.84) | 15.62** (2.37) | 13.78 (2.51) | 0.751 | − 1.89*** (2.23) |
| Psychological QoL | 15.28 (2.04) | 0.764 | 15.12 (2.18) | 15.74** (1.55) | 14.49 (2.00) | 0.748 | − 1.24*** (1.63) |
| Social QoL | 17.28 (2.36) | 0.730 | 17.15 (2.46) | 17.61 (2.00) | 17.51 (2.30) | 0.739 | − 0.07 (2.26) |
| Environment QoL | 16.48 (2.10) | 0.785 | 16.27 (2.18) | 17.06*** (1.67) | 15.94 (1.64) | 0.617 | − 1.09*** (1.65) |
| QoL item | 4.28 (0.71) | – | 4.21 (0.73) | 4.46*** (0.60) | 3.98 (0.70) | – | − 0.49*** (0.74) |
| QoL health item | 3.67 (0.93) | – | 3.58 (0.94) | 3.98*** (0.81) | 3.44 (0.96) | – | − 0.56*** (0.91) |
| Townsend | 2.26 (2.80) | 0.783 | 2.51 (2.98) | 1.44 *** (1.87) | 5.10 (4.56) | ± | 3.66*** (3.98) |
| Grip strength: men | 26.74 (8.97) | – | 26.40 (9.03) | 27.93 (8.75) | 20.71 (8.18) | – | − 7.30*** (5.13) |
| Grip strength: women | 26.39 (9.23) | – | 25.48 (8.89) | 29.19** (9.72) | 21.10 (8.43) | – | − 8.15*** (4.73) |
| PEF: men | 277.84 (140.00) | – | 265.90 (136.92) | 320.10* (143.98) | 243.84 (121.71) | – | − 78.82*** (104.89) |
| PEF: women | 267.80 (126.96) | – | 260.32 (126.05) | 290.69 (127.79) | 220.32 (97.15) | – | − 70.63*** (91.24) |
| Anxiety | 5.20 (3.31) | 0.758 | 5.42 (3.43) | 4.45** (2.72) | 3.71 (2.87) | 0.762 | − 0.69** (2.34) |
| Depression | 3.53 (2.33) | 0.614 | 3.69 (2.40) | 3.01** (1.97) | 3.82 (2.35) | 0.521 | 0.86*** (2.32) |
| Living alone (%) | 48.0% | – | 48.3% | 46.9% | 66.7% | – | |
| IPIP C | 38.71 (6.08) | 0.766 | 38.63 (6.09) | 38.96 (6.05) | – | – | – |
| IPIP ES | 34.24 (8.13) | 0.872 | 33.53 (8.20) | 36.37** (7.59) | – | – | – |
| Loneliness | 1.97 (1.02) | – | 2.01 (1.05) | 1.83 (0.93) | – | – | – |
| Social class | 2.24 (0.88) | – | 2.30 (0.87) | 2.04 (0.89) | – | ||
| Self-rated health | – | – | – | – | 3.56 (0.87) | – | – |
For W1 returned column, p values reflect differences between returners and non-returners. For change column, p values reflect differences between wave 1 and wave 4. ± Item-level data were not available for the Townsend Functional Ability Scale at wave 4
*t Test p < .05; **t test p < .01; ***t test p < .001
aThese are individuals who attended both wave 1 and returned for wave 4