Table 2.
Synthetic drugs and natural compounds that increase the expression of or activate sirtuin-1 in high glucose or advanced glycation end product–treated renal cells
| Drug or natural substances | Renal cell | Mechanism of renoprotection | Pathway | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glycyrrhizic acid | HG-treated renal tubular epithelial cell line (NRK-52E) | Anti-oxidant, anti-proliferative | AMPK/sirtuin-1/PGC-1α signaling, TGF-β1, Mn-SOD | [57] |
| Glucagon-like peptide-1 | Podocytes cultured in HG medium | Anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory | Sirtuin-1, IL-1, IL-6 | [134] |
| Grape seed procyanidin B2 | High-dose glucosamine-treated rat mesangial cell line (HBZY-1) | Restore mitochondrial function, anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidant | AMPK/sirtuin-1/PGC-1α | [135] |
| Metformin | HG-treated primary rat podocytes | Improve podocyte insulin resistance and glucose uptake, reduce glomerular filtration barrier permeability | AMPK, sirtuin-1 | [136] |
| Olmesartan | HG-treated conditionally immortalized mouse podocytes | Anti-apoptotic | Angiotensin II/p38/sirtuin-1 | [118] |
| Probucol | HG-treated human proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2) | Anti-oxidant, anti-fibrotic | p66Shc, AMPK/sirtuin-1/AcH3 | [137] |
| Puerarin (active compound of radix puerariae) | HG-treated conditionally immortalized murine podocytes | Anti-oxidant | Sirtuin-1, NF-κB, NOX4 | [81] |
| Polydatin (glucoside of resveratrol) | Advanced glycation end product–treated glomerular mesangial cells | Anti-oxidant | Sirtuin-1/Nrf2/ARE | [64] |
| Panax notoginseng saponins | HG-treated rat mesangial cells | Anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-fibrotic | Sirtuin-1/NF-κB, PAI-1, TGF-β1, MCP-1, SOD | [80] |
| Resveratrol | HG-treated human endothelial cells | Counteract the other pro-atherosclerotic effects, downregulate endothelial nitric oxide synthase | Sirtuin-1 | [138] |
| HG-treated primary rat mesangial cells | Anti-senescent | mTOR, sirtuin-1 | [61] | |
| HG-treated primary rat mesangial cells | Anti-oxidant, restore mitochondrial function | Sirtuin-1, Mn-SOD | [63] | |
| HG-treated conditionally immortalized mouse podocytes; HG-treated immortalized mouse endothelial cell line | Suppress VEGF expression and secretion in podocytes, suppress Flk-1 expression in glomerular endothelial cells, ameliorate hyperpermeability and cellular junction disruption | Sirtuin-1, VEGF, Flk-1 | [115] | |
| Advanced glycation end product–treated rat primary glomerular mesangial cells | Anti-oxidant, anti-fibrotic | Sirtuin-1, Nrf2/ARE, TGF-β1 | [34] | |
| HG-treated NMS2 mesangial cells | Anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic | AMPK/sirtuin-1/PGC-1α | [56] | |
| HG-treated human kidney epithelial (HK-2) cells | Anti-oxidant | Sirtuin-1/FOXO3a | [89] | |
| Shenkang injection (composed of Radix Astragali, Rhubarb, Astragalus, Safflower, and Salvia) | HG-treated primary renal proximal tubular epithelial cells | Anti-senescent, anti-oxidant | mTOR, p66Shc, sirtuin-1, PPARγ, P16INK4, cyclin D1, SOD | [40] |
| Theobromine | HG-treated immortalized human mesangial cells | Anti-fibrotic | NOX4, AMPK, sirtuin-1/TGF-β | [139] |
| Tetrahydroxystilbene glucoside (active component of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb) | HG-treated rat mesangial cell line (HBZY-1) | Anti-oxidant | Sirtuin-1/TGF-β1, COX-2 | [140] |