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A feedforward mechanism in TGF-β signaling. miR-424(322)/-503 are direct downstream targets of the TGF-β/SMAD2/3 signaling pathway. They inhibit the expression of I-SMAD (SMAD7) and SMAD-specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligases (SMURF1/2), therefore effectively activate SMAD2/3 and amplify TGF-β signaling
