Figure 1.

Biomarkers associated with the efficacy of PD‐1/PD‐L1 blockade therapy.

Abbreviations and sources: ctDNA, circulating tumor DNA [116]; dMMR, mismatch repair deficient; IL‐8, interleukin‐8 [117]; irAE, immune‐related adverse event [118]; Ki67⁺PD‐1⁺CD8⁺T/tumor burden [119]; monocytes, CD14⁺CD16⁻HLA‐DR^hi monocytes [105]; MSI‐H, microsatellite instability‐high; NK‐DC axis, natural killer‐dendritic cell axis [46]; NLR, neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio [120]; PD‐1, programmed cell death protein 1; PD‐1⁺CD8⁺T [121]; PD‐L1, programmed cell death ligand 1; TME, tumor microenvironment [56], [122].