Fig. 1. Ice recrystallization inhibiting polymer mediated protein storage. (A) Example ice crystal wafers grown with and without added PVA. Scale bar – 100 μm; (B) Schematic showing protein aggregation (concentration) changes as a function of ice crystal size; (C) polymers used in this study; (D) recovery of β-Gal activity after freezing for 3 days at –20 °C, as % of fresh, unfrozen protein. Error bars are S. D. from a minimum of 6 repeats, ** represents p < 0.01 relative to PBS buffer control. PEG, PVP, trehalose and HES at concentration of 100 mg mL^–1, PVA at 1 mg mL^–1.