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. 2019 Feb 25;11:1843–1855. doi: 10.2147/CMAR.S186142

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© 2019 Hatoum et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited

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Diagram showing the hydrodynamic model of invasion.

Notes: Activation of GPCR (eg, by bradykinin binding to B2R) causes intracellular Ca²⁺ to rise, leading to Ca²⁺-dependent K⁺ and Cl⁻ efflux through CIC3 and KCa3.1 channels. Water then follows out of the cell through aquaporins down its osmotic gradient. This decreases cellular volume, allowing the glioma cells to migrate. They then increase volume via ion influx through NKCC1 and ASIC1 channels.