Table 1.
Thirteen targeted studies related to the cometabolites in TC
| Title of article | First author | Year | Country | Sample size | Type of study | Metabolite measurement techniques | List of targeted metabolites | Significant different metabolites | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Unbalanced estrogen metabolism in TC36 | Muhammad Zahid | 2013 | USA (Omaha) | n: 40 TC n: 40 HI | Case/control | ULC TMS | Catechol estrogen quinones, estrogen-3,4-quinines, 38 estrogen metabolites (conjugates and DNA adducts) Estrogens (E1 and E2) | Estrogen metabolites |
| 2. | A SSEAT for “Functional” BiomarkerDiscovery37 | Josep Villanueva | 2008 | USA (New York) | n: 48 metastatic TC n: 48 HI | Case/control | MALDI-TOF MS | Fibrinogen α, C3f (complement C3), complement C4 precursor ITIH4, apolipoprotein A-IV Clusterin precursor, C-terminus of β-chain minus Arg-transthyretin precursor | N/A |
| 3. | Human IgG Fc-glycosylation profiling reveals associations with age, sex, female sex hormones, and TC38 | Guoqiang Chen | 2012 | China | n: 138 TC | Case/control | MALDI-FTICR | Seven glycosylation features for IgG | Fc-glycosylation |
| 4. | Multicompartment metabolism in papillary thyroid cancer39 | Joseph M. Curry | 2016 | USA | n: 27 NTC n: 6 FA n: 5 MNG | Case/control | IHC | TOMM20 MCT4 | Multiple tumor compartments with glycolysis in fibroblasts and OXPHOS |
| 5. | Biochemical markers in the follow-up of medullary thyroid cancer40 | Jan Willem B. de Groot | 2006 | The Netherlands | n: 46 MTC | Prospective study | GC | Calcitonin and CEA, plasma tryptophan Plasma platelet serotonin, urine 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid, MIMAA, 3-MT, HVA, VMA, VA, MOPEG, DOPAC | Plasma calcitonin Carcinoembryonic antigen, chromogranin A |
| 6. | Predictive value of sphingosine kinase 1 expression in papillary thyroid carcinoma41 | SUNG-IM DO | 2017 | Korea | n: 110 PTC n: 16 MNG n: 81 NTC | Case/control | IHC | Sphingosine kinase 1 metabolites | Sphingosine kinase 1 |
| 7. | Metabolic changes enhance the cardiovascular risk with differentiated thyroid carcinoma – a case–control study from Manipal Teaching Hospital of Nepal42 | Ankush Mittal | 2012 | Nepal | n: 50 DTC n: 50 HI | Case/control | ELISA CHOD-PAP and GPO-PAP method | fT3, fT4, TSH, total cholesterol Triglycerides, HDL, LDL, VLDL glucose, insulin, fibrinogen CRP | Hypercoagulable state Atherogenic lipid profile |
| 8. | 3, 30-Diindolylmethane modulates estrogen metabolism in patients with TPD: a pilot study43 | Shilpi Rajoria | 2011 | New York, New Jersey | n: 7 TPD | Clinical trial study (a pilot study) | GC-MS | Estrogen metabolites 2-hydroxyestrones (C-2) 16α-hydroxyestrone (C-16) | Antiestrogenic activity that results in more of C-2 product compared with C-16 |
| 10. | Perioperative dynamics and significance of amino acid profiles in patients with cancer45 | Yu Gu | 2015 | China | n: 56 GC n: 28 BC n: 33 TC | Case/control | Amino acid analyzer with spectrophotometrical detection | PFAAs (Asp, Thr, Ser, Glu, Gly, Ala, Cys, Val, Met, Ile, Leu, Tyr, Phe, Lys, His, Arg, Pro, NH3, NEAAs, EAAs, BCAAs, GAAs, TAAs) | PFAA |
| 11. | Estrogens in female TC: alteration of urinary profiles in preoperative cases and postoperative cases46 | Seon Hwa Lee | 2003 | South Korea | n: 18 premenopausal PTC women (preoperative and postoperative patients in luteal phase) | Case/control | Highly sensitive GC-MS | Estrogen metabolites 16alpha-OH E1/2-OH E1 Catechol estrogens (2-OH E1) | 2-hydroxylation in estrogen metabolism |
| 12. | Increased expression of phosphatidylcholine (16:0/18:1) and (16:0/18:2) in thyroid papillary cancer47 | Seiji Ishikawa | 2012 | Japan | n: 7 TC cases | Case series | HE-stained, tandem mass (MS/MS) analysis, imaging mass spectrometry analysis | Phosphatidylcholine (16:0/18:1), phosphatidylcholine (16:0/18:2), sphingomyelin (d18:0/16:1) | Phosphatidylcholine Sphingomyelin |
| 13. | Application of metabolomics in prediction of lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma48 | Ji Won Seo | 2018 | Korea | n: 52 metastatic PTC | Case series | H-NMR spectroscopy | Isoleucine, leucine, valine, lactate, threonine, alanine, uracil, lysine, glutamate, methionine, aspartate, choline, phosphocholine, glycerophosphocholine, taurine, myo-inositol, glycine, phosphoethanolamine, inosine, thyrosine, hypoxanthine, formate, succinate, uridine | Lactate |
Abbreviations: 3-MT, 3-methoxytyramine; aMT6, melibiose 6-sulfatoxymelatonin; BC, breast cancer; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; C3f, complement C3f; DOPAC, 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid; DTC, differentiated thyroid carcinoma; FPA, fibrinogen α; fT3, free triiodothyronine; fT4, free thyroxine; GC, gastric cancer; GC-MS, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry; GC-TOF-MS, gas chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry; GLA, alpha-galactosidase; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HI, healthy individual; HVA, homovanillic acid; IHC, immunohistochemistry; ITIH4, inter-α-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H4; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MALDI-FTICR, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance; MALDI-TOF MS, matrix assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry; MCT4, monocarboxylate transporter 4; MIMAA, N’-methylimidazole acetic acid; MNG, multinodular goiter; MOPEG: 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol; MTC, medullary thyroid cancer; N/A, not applicable; NAT, normal adjacent tissue; NTC, noncancerous thyroid tissue; OA, oxaloacetate; OXPHOS, Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation; PFAA, plasma-free amino acid; PHE, phenylalanine; PTC, papillary thyroid carcinoma; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; SSEAT, Sequence-specific Exopeptidase Activity Test; TC, thyroid cancer; TMS, tandem mass spectrometry; TOMM20, translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20; TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone; TPD, thyroid proliferative disease; ULC, ultra performance liquid chromatography; VA, valine; VLDL, very-low-density lipoprotein.