Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of participants
| Variables | Control group (lean) (n=28) | Study group (obese) (n=34) | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SEM | Range | Mean ± SEM | Range | ||
| Anthropometrics | |||||
| Age (years) | 37±2 | 18–58 | 38±2 | 25–60 | 0.94 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.33±0.34 | 18.03–24.61 | 44.48±0.92 | 34.01–54.20 | <0.0001 |
| WC (cm) | 81.1±0.6 | 75.0–87.0 | 120.1±2.1 | 101.0–139.0 | <0.0001 |
| Lipid profile | |||||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 135.4±5.4 | 75.0–198.0 | 156.2±5.7 | 96.0–266.0 | 0.01 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 45.9±1.2 | 35.0–60.0 | 44.4±1.2 | 34.0–65.0 | 0.4 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 90.9±4.1 | 47.0–142.0 | 108.0±4.8 | 65.0–195.0 | 0.01 |
| VLDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 13.8±0.9 | 7.0–26.0 | 17.2±0.9 | 9.0–33.0 | 0.01 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 105.1±8.6 | 44.0–215.0 | 140.5±7.5 | 66.0–250.0 | 0.002 |
| NEFA (mmol/L) | 0.30±0.03 | 0.09–0.64 | 0.67±0.03 | 0.38–1.08 | <0.0001 |
| Glucose homeostasis | |||||
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 4.81±0.07 | 4.17–5.83 | 5.50±0.13 | 3.89–6.94 | <0.0001 |
| Fasting insulin (µIU/mL) | 7.34±1.00 | 1.90–21.40 | 13.68±1.23 | 1.00–30.20 | 0.0003 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.58±0.22 | 0.38–5.02 | 3.40±0.33 | 0.31–7.60 | <0.0001 |
| Adipo-IR | 14.40±2.56 | 1.03–53.76 | 57.42±6.32 | 3.18–146.5 | <0.0001 |
Abbreviations: adipo-IR, adipose tissue insulin resistance; BMI, body mass index; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; NEFA, non-esterified fatty acids; SEM, standard error of mean; TG, triglyceride; VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein; WC, waist circumference.