Table 1.
Incidence of chronic post ICU pain.
| Primary author and year | Type of study | Pain evaluation tool | Setting | Sample size | LOS (days/ hours)∗ | VD (days/ hours)∗ | HLOS (days/ hours)∗ | Period of follow up (months) | Incidence of chronic pain | Pain location and intensity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baumbach 2016 | Case-control study (septic vs. non-septic) Single center |
Validated German pain questionnaire | Germany Medical and surgical ICU | 207 | 8.68 (9.17) days | 69.09 (146.88) h | 24.66 (21.32) days | 6 | 33.2% | 45% of those with pain reported intensity as moderate to severe |
| Battle 2013 | Prospective for incidence Single center |
Non-validated questionnaire Validated brief pain inventory for localization of body pain |
United Kingdom (Wales) Medical and surgical ICU |
196 | 6.2 days | 2.1 days | 17.8 days | 6 and 12 | 44% | Commonest location was shoulder (22% of those with pain) |
| Boyle 2004 | Prospective repeated measures observational study Single center |
Pain Scale 10 point intensity-validated Pain self efficacy questionnaire-validated |
Australia Medical and surgical ICU |
n = 66 (1 month) n = 52 (6 months) |
6.9 (5.5) days | 57.1 (93.0) h | 26.4 (30.2) days | 1 and 6 | 47% 1 month 49% 6 months |
Moderate to very severe pain 28% had pain more than half the days at 6 months |
| Choi 2014 | Prospective longitudinal repeated measurement Single center |
Modified given symptom assessment scale-not validated | United States Medical ICU |
26 | 22.0 (10.2) days | 18.9 (9.7) days | Not reported | 4 | 53.8% | Mean pain intensity 5.4 on a 10 point scale |
| Granja 2002 | Prospective cohort study Single center |
EuroQol 5-D questionnaire | Portugal Medical and surgical ICU |
275 | 2 days (range 1–120 days) | Not reported | Not reported | 6 | 45% | Moderate to extreme pain |
| Griffiths 2013 | Prospective Multicentre study |
EuroQol-5D questionnaire (EQ 5D)-Validated EuroQol Visual analog scale-Validated Short form 36 Version 2-validated |
United Kingdom Medical, surgical, trauma ICUs |
293 | 8 (5–16) days | 4 (2–11) days | 29 (17–47) days | 6 and 12 | 6 months-73% 12 months-70% |
|
| Jagodic 2006 | Prospective Two groups (sepsis and trauma) Single center |
EuroQol-5D questionnaire-Validated | Slovenia Surgical ICU |
39 (10 sepsis, 29 trauma) |
11.4 (14.4) days | Not reported | 40.0 (52.8) days | 24 | 56% | |
| Jenewein 2009 | Prospective Control group without CPIP Single center |
Pain question asked by interviewer | Switzerland Trauma ICU |
90 | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | 36 | 44% | |
| Timmers 2011 | Prospective observational cohort study Age- and gender-matched controls Single center |
EuroQol-6D questionnaire (EQ 6D)-Validated | Netherlands Surgical ICU |
575 | 5 (8) days | Not reported | 19 (21) days | 72–132 | 57% | Intensity VAS pain 69 (21) mm |
LOS, length of stay in ICU; VD, ventilator days; HLOS, hospital length of stay; PTDS, post-traumatic stress disorder. ∗Data are presented as mean (SD) or median (range).