Table 3.
Child Abuse Predicting Latent Interpersonal Violence Classes Moderated by Gender: Parameter Estimates With Standard Errors.
| PVO |
MVI |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reference category | MVI | PHI | PSV | NOV | PHI | PSV | NOV |
| Total sample (N = 325) | |||||||
| Main effects | |||||||
| Physical-emotional (PE) abuse | .08 (.06) b | .04 (.05) c | .09 (.05)† | .04 (.04) | −.05 (.08) | .00 (.07) | −.04 (.06) |
| Sexual abuse | .85 (.66) | −.13 (.46) | −.54 (.52) | −.04 (.37) | −.98 (.74) | −1.39 (.80)† | −.89 (.68) |
| IPV exposure | .20 (.73) | .29 (.54) | −.69 (.61) | −.45 (.41) | .10 (.93) | −.88 (.87) | −.65 (.74) |
| Male | −.71 (.60) | −.57 (.49) | −.98 (.48)* | −.45 (.34) | .14 (.81) | −.28 (.69) | .25 (.62) |
| Child welfare | 1.29 (.63)* | .01 (.43) | .50 (.45) | .50 (.33) | −1.29 (.74)† | −.79 (.71) | −.79 (.65) |
| Childhood SES | .14 (.12) | .04 (.09) | −.19 (.12)† | .09 (.09) | −.11 (.12) | −.33 (.15)* | −.05 (.12) |
| Gender interaction a | |||||||
| PE abuse | .25 (.12)* | −.06 (.13) | .03 (.08) | .04 (.08) | −.30 (.17)† | −.22 (.12)† | −.20 (.11)† |
| Sexual abuse | −.95 (.95) | −8.78 (2.98)** | −.61 (1.00) | −1.04 (.72) | −7.87 (3.03)** | .34 (1.18) | −.09 (1.00) |
| IPV exposure | 4.28 (2.08)* | .08 (1.06) | .32 (.88) | .14 (.68) | −4.20 (2.11)* | −3.96 (2.10)† | −4.13 (2.05)* |
| Male (N = 171) | |||||||
| PE abuse | .19 (.07)** | −.07 (.09) | .03 (.05) | .06 (.04) | −.26 (.12)* | −.16 (.07)* | −.13 (.07)* |
| Sexual abuse | −.21 (.86) | −16.8 (52.5) | −.01 (.67) | −.12 (.48) | −15.23 (40.7) | .19 (.98) | .08 (.88) |
| IPV exposure | 1.22 (.85) | .32 (.84) | −.43 (.71) | −.48 (.53) | −.93 (1.19) | −1.67 (.96)† | −1.71 (.86)* |
| Child welfare | .92 (.74) | −.48 (.70) | 1.28 (.68)† | .67 (.43) | −1.41 (.97) | .36 (.94) | −.26 (.78) |
| Childhood SES | .59 (.15)* | .05 (.15) | .02 (.12) | .20 (.11)† | −.24 (.18) | −.27 (.17) | −.09 (.16) |
| Female (N = 154) | |||||||
| PE abuse | .28 (.17)† | .61 (.32)† | .34 (.19)† | .26 (.15)† | .33 (.16)* | .08 (.09) | −.03 (.08) |
| Sexual abuse | 2.00 (.85)* | 5.72 (1.93)** | 1.55 (.94)† | 1.63 (.79)* | 3.95 (1.97)* | .07 (.86) | −.46 (.77) |
| IPV exposure | −1.58 (1.10) | .04 (1.92) | −1.54 (1.17) | −1.33 (.97) | 2.46 (2.13) | .35 (1.00) | .35 (.86) |
| Child welfare | .92 (.84) | −4.78 (1.17)* | −.66 (.93) | −.56 (.66) | −6.59 (2.70)* | −2.15 (1.04)* | −1.46 (.87)† |
| Childhood SES | −.14 (.18) | −.93 (.50)† | −.57 (.23)* | −.09 (.17) | −1.00 (.58)† | −.55 (.22)* | .05 (.17) |
p < .10
p < .05
p < .01
Note. Analyses were repeated with alternate classes defined as a reference category. IPV = Interpersonal Violence; MVI = Multitype Violence and Intimidation; PHI = Psychological and Physical Violence with Lower Intimidation; PSV = Psychological and Sexual Violence; NOV = No Violence; PVO = Psychological Violence Only. Posterior probabilities for IPV classes in latent class analysis models with covariates were similar across the total sample and the subsamples of males and females.
Gender interaction effects were obtained in separate analyses from the main effects model. In addition, the three interaction terms were estimated from three separate models. Main effects in interaction models were free of remarkable changes from those in main effects model. b In the gender interaction model of sexual abuse, physical-emotional abuse predicted higher likelihood of classification into MVI relative to PVO at p < .05 (β = .11; se = .05). c In the gender interaction model of childhood IPV exposure, physical-emotional abuse predicted higher likelihood of classification into PHI relative to PVO at p < .01 (β = .17; se = .06).