Table 1.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of participants
| Variables | PD RBD+ (n = 40) | PD RBD- (n = 127) | HC (n = 68) | Test value (p-value) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 61.10 (10.72) | 61.08 (9.32) | 59.41 (10.76) | F (2, 232) = 0.676 (0.509)1 |
| Sex (male:female) | 30:10 | 77:50 | 42:26 | χ2 = 2.739 (0.107)2 |
| Education (years) | 15.60 (2.64) | 15.45 (2.81) | 16.18 (2.76) | F (2, 232) = 1.56 (0.21)1 |
| Disease duration (months) | 6.22 (7.69) | 5.56 (6.92) | – | t (165) = 0.264 (0.608)3 |
| Scanner type (TrioTrim:Verio) | 39:1 | 117:10 | 63:5 | χ2 = 1.410 (0.320)2 |
| UPDRS III score | 23.03 (9.84) | 20.29 (8.93) | – | t (165) = 1.34 (0.101)3 |
| H&Y stage (1:2:3) | 16:24:0 | 55:70:2 | – | χ2 = 0.837 (0.658)2 |
| RBDSQ score | 7.93 (1.49) | 2.84 (1.35) | 2.07 (1.53) |
F (2, 232) = 238.83 (< 0.001)1* Post-hoc p-values (1) < 0.001; (2) 0.001; (3) < 0.001 |
| ESS score | 6.35 (3.87) | 5.24 (3.10) | 5.58 (3.58) | F (2, 230) = 1.653 (0.194)1 |
| MoCA score | 27.62 (1.68) | 27.81 (1.77) | 28.19 (1.19) | F (2, 232) = 1.897 (0.152)1 |
| STAI score | 70.65 (20.49) | 63.01 (17.27) | 56.10 (14.22) |
F (2, 232) = 9.39 (< 0.001)1* Post-hoc p-values (1) 0.042; (2) 0.023; (3) <0.001 |
| GDS-15 score | 3.00 (2.92) | 2.11 (2.35) | 1.59 (2.99) |
F (2, 230) = 3.57 (0.03)1** Post-hoc p-values (1) 0.186; (2) 0.470; (3) 0.024 |
| Any impulse-control disorder (yes:no) | 7:33 | 12:115 | 7:61 | χ2 = 2.029 (0.168)2 |
| Punding and / or hobbyism (yes:no) | 6:34 | 12:115 | 10:58 | χ2 = 0.437 (0.591)2 |
I Mean (standard deviations) are presented and statistically compared. The following statistical tests were used: 1 ANOVA; 2Pearson’s χ2 test; 3independent t-test
II When ANOVA showed significant between-group differences we performed a Hochberg’s GT2 post-hoc analysis to clarify which groups were significantly different: *significant effect of group; **although HC and PD patients show significant differences, no difference was found between PD RBD+ and PD RBD-. Post-hoc p-values represented: (1) between PD RBD- and PD RBD+, (2) between HC and PD RBD-, (3) between HC and PD RBD+
III Abbreviations: UPDRSIII: Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale part III; RBDSQ: REM sleep Behavior Disorder Screening Questionnaire; ESS: Epworth Sleepiness Scale; STAI: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; GDS-15: Geriatric Depression Scale-15