Table 3.
Descriptive statistics for indoor and outdoor CO, formaldehyde, and nicotine concentrations in the waterpipe café of Tehran.
| Smoking building type (N)a | CO | Formaldehyde | nicotine | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | Min–max | Mean ± SD | Min–max | Mean ± SD | Min–max | |||
| Waterpipe (14) | working-day session | Indoor | 8110 ± 3540 | 5040–13100 | 549 ± 290 | 121–931 | 5.06 ± 2.40 | 1.40–10.3 |
| Outdoor | 2090 ± 981 | 799–3780 | 14.0 ± 8.00 | 5.00–28.0 | ND | ND | ||
| Weekend Session | Indoor | 8660 ± 3810 | 1610–16300 | 618 ± 287 | 181–1110 | 6.91 ± 2.47 | 3.70–12.6 | |
| Outdoor | 501 ± 321 | 111–921 | 12.0 ± 7.00 | 4.00–21.0 | ND | ND | ||
| Cigarette (8) | working-day session | Indoor | 5560 ± 2240 | 4710–6640 | 151 ± 29.0 | 121–189 | 2.32 ± 0.850 | 1.39–3.41 |
| Outdoor | 1350 ± 601 | 899–1830 | 10.6 ± 6.51 | 5.81–17.6 | ND | ND | ||
| Weekend Session | Indoor | 6590 ± 2110 | 5610–7670 | 184 ± 34.0 | 131–211 | 4.02 ± 0.890 | 3.00–5.10 | |
| Outdoor | 811 ± 451 | 401–1260 | 9.50 ± 7.30 | 4.31–19.7 | ND | ND | ||
| Waterpipe and cigarette (6) | working-day session | Indoor | 11300 ± 4840 | 7801–15400 | 1340 ± 211 | 107–165 | 13.1 ± 2.68 | 9.80–15.6 |
| Outdoor | 2120 ± 1710 | 701–5380 | 119 ± 8.00 | 4.00–21.0 | ND | ND | ||
| Weekend Session | Indoor | 13600 ± 5480 | 8710–19800 | 1620 ± 286 | 124–199 | 16.8 ± 3.98 | 12.5–21.0 | |
| Outdoor | 641 ± 369 | 299–1030 | 16.0 ± 12.0 | 4.00–28.0 | ND | ND | ||
| Non-smoking (8) | working-day session | Indoor | ND | ND | 46.0 ± 25.0 | 34.0–55.0 | ND | ND |
| Outdoor | 1760 ± 601 | 919–2860 | 15.0 ± 12.0 | 4.00–31.0 | ND | ND | ||
| Weekend Session | Indoor | ND | ND | 57.0 ± 36.0 | 22.0–93.0 | ND | ND | |
| Outdoor | 599 ± 419 | 201–1260 | 19.0 ± 11.0 | 9.00–27.0 | ND | ND | ||
aNo. of Samples.