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. 2019 Feb 28;9:3182. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-39517-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Magnetic hysteresis loops taken at room temperature and (b) at 5 K of BFO NPs prepared at different calcination temperatures (T_cal). The red line represents the fit using a Langevin equation. (c) Best fitting-parameters for N (number of NPs per mass unit) and (d) m (particle magnetic moment in Bohr magnetons units) with the calcination temperature for M vs. H experimental curves taken at 300 K and 5 K. (e) M vs H hysteresis at 2 K and 300 K curve for a NPs sample calcined at 600 °C. (f) Hysteresis loop zoom; 2 K curve exhibits exchange bias effect.