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. 2019 Feb 28;10:983. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-08873-z

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 8 — Functional c-Fos mapping (for neuronal activation) of brain regions altered in activity following optogenetically induced gamma activity in the S1HL cortex in PV-ChR2-YFP mice. a Schematic representation of pain-related brain areas that were analyzed in the experiment. Red shading: regions altered in activity; gray shading: regions not altered. Arrows do not necessarily indicate direct afferent connections. Regions showing differences in Fos expression between the ipsi- versus contralateral areas are additionally indicated with the corresponding color codes in the scheme. b Typical example of changes in Fos expression in the rACC, the RVM, PrL, and IL. c Quantitative summary of changes in c-Fos expression in diverse brain regions following entrainment of gamma rhythm in the S1HL in the PV-ChR2-YFP mice (n = 7–9 mice per brain region analyzed) or blue photo-illumination of the S1HL in control PV-YFP mice (n = 6–8 mice per brain region analyzed). Differences in Fos-positive counts between YFP and ChR2-YFP mice following 40 Hz illumination were analyzed in the ipsilateral and contralateral rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC; p = 0.003 and 0.07, respectively), prelimbic cortex (PrL; p = 0.003 and 0.047, respectively), infralimbic cortex (IL; p = 0.60 and 0.75, respectively) and the rostroventral medulla (RVM; p = 0.005 and 0.049, respectively). The RVM analyzed included the raphe magnus nucleus and gigantocellular reticular nucleus, alpha region. *p < 0.05, unpaired t-test; n.s., not significant. Scale bars represent 50 µm in b. Data are represented as mean ± S.E.M.