Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and quality assessment of the included studies.
| First Author (year) | Country | Year of Data collection | Study Setting | Sample Number | Male % | Age (year)† | Subtype of Diabetes | Duration of Diabetes (year)† | HbA1c %† | Adjusted Factors | JBI Scores |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Schmid13 | Brazil | 1991 | hospital-based | 35 | NA | 57.5 ± 11.4 | II | NA | 8.3 ± 2.3 | 11, 25, 26, 27 | 7 |
| Abu El-Asrar14 | Saudi Arabia | NA | hospital-based | 648 | 52.5% | 48.8 ± 14.7 | 32.4% I 67.6% II |
9.4 ± 6.5 | NA | 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 11, 15, 17, 18, 27, 33, 37, 38, 39 | 7 |
| Boelter15 | Brazil | 2002–2004 | hospital-based | 1214 | 43.3% | 58.5 ± 10.3 | II | 11.1 ± 8.4 | 8.2 ± 2.0 | 2, 3, 5, 7, 12, 14, 15, 20, 27, 34 | 8 |
| Al-Maskari16 | United Arab Emirates | 2003–2004 | population-based | 513 | 51.5% | 53.3 | 14% I 86% II |
≥10 years 79% | ≥7% 62% | 2, 3 | 8 |
| Yokoyama17 | Japan | 2005 | hospital-based | 294 | 72% | 59 ± 9 | II | 9 ± 8 | 6.6 ± 0.9 | 1, 2, 3, 7, 12, 13, 15, 16, 24, 32, 34, 37, 38, 42, 43, 44 | 8 |
| Pradeepa18 | India | NA | population-based | 1629 | 44.6% | 50.4 ± 11.3 | II | 4.6 ± 5.4 | 8.7 ± 2.2 | NA | 9 |
| Jurado19 | Spain | 2003–2004 | population-based | 307 | 61.6% | 59.6 ± 7.9 | II | 8.6 ± 7.0 | 7·0 ± 1·4 | 1, 3, 7, 11, 12, 13, 15, 20, 22, 23, 24, 27, 37, 39 | 8 |
| Kärvestedt20 | Sweden | NA | population-based | 156 | 61% | 61.7 ± 7.2 | II | 7.0 ± 5.7 | 6.4 ± 1.3 | NA | 7 |
| Gong21 | China | NA | population-based | 668 | 40.1% | 64.2 ± 11.5 | II | 7.3 ± 6.5 | 7.1 ± 1.6 | 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 12, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 23, 28, 29 | 8 |
| Pradeepa22 | India | NA | population-based | 1608 | NA | NA | II | NA | NA | 1, 2, 3, 7, 12, 18 | 8 |
| Rodrigues23 | Brazil | 1998–2008 | hospital-based | 573 | 50.5% | 33 ± 13 | I | 16 ± 19 | 9.0 ± 3.9 | 7, 17, 34 | 8 |
| Voulgari24 | Greece | NA | hospital-based | 600 | 48% | 50.7 ± 15.1 | 33.3% I 66.7% II |
7.3 ± 9.3 | 7.8 ± 1.8 | 1, 2, 3, 5, 17, 19, 20 | 9 |
| Azura25 | Malaysia | 2009–2010 | hospital-based | 254 | 42% | 53.3 ± 9.1 | II | NA | ≥7% 81.5% | 1, 21, 24 | 8 |
| Ding26 | Singapore | 2004–2006 | population-based | 608 | 44.7% | 62.8 ± 9.2 | II | 6.0 ± 2.5 | 7.9 ± 0.7 | 1, 2, 3, 7, 12, 14, 15, 17, 34, 39 | 9 |
| He27 | China | 2008–2009 | hospital-based | 2009 | 57% | 59.7 ± 12.3 | II | 8.1 ± 6.7 | 8.7 ± 0.8 | 1, 2, 3, 7, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16, 27, 33, 39, 41 | 8 |
| Ji28 | China | 2010–2011 | hospital-based | 565 | 47.8% | 66.6 ± 10.5 | 0.4% I 99.6% II |
16.2 ± 5.9 | 8.2 ± 1.9 | 1, 7, 16, 24, 27, 34, 36 | 8 |
| Karlberg29 | Denmark | 2007–2008 | population-based | 201 | 60.2% | 33.1 (20.1–46.6) |
I | (10–30) | 8.7 ± 0.4 | 1, 2, 3, 7, 12, 13, 34 | 8 |
| Sattaputh30 | Thailand | 2007–2008 | hospital-based | 899 | 28.6% | 59.6 ± 9.9 | II | 8.1 ± 6.1 | 8.77 ± 1.85 | 1, 2, 3, 7, 12, 13, 24, 27, 30, 34 | 8 |
| Won31 | Korea | 2009–2010 | hospital-based | 3999 | 48.5% | 59 ± 10 | II | 9.6 ± 7.6 | 7.7 ± 2.7 | 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 11, 16, 22, 24, 27, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40 | 9 |
| Xu32 | China | 2008–2009 | population-based | 1421 | 40.8% | 61.3 ± 9.7 | II | 7.9 ± 6.3 | 7.05 ± 1.25 | 1, 11, 24, 27 | 7 |
| Deng33 | China | 2011–2012 | hospital-based | 381 | 57.7% | 60.8 ± 10.7 | II | 8.4 ± 5.9 | 8.0 ± 2.1 | 1, 2, 3, 34, 35, 36 | 8 |
| Yang34 | China | 2013–2014 | hospital-based | 344 | 55.2% | 57.1 ± 12.1 | II | 7.0 ± 4.1 | 9.0 ± 2.5 | 1, 12, 31 | 7 |
| Al-Rubeaan35 | Saudi Arabia | NA | population-based | 50464 | 56.0% | 59.7 ± 12.8 | II | 13.4 ± 8.2 | 8.9 ± 2.32 | 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 11, 16, 21, 22, 27, 33, 34 | 8 |
| Machingura36 | Zimbabwe | 2013–2014 | hospital-based | 344 | 27.3% | 57.6 ± 14.8 | 24.4% I 75.6% II |
10.3 ± 10.5 | 8.1 ± 1.0 | 3, 7, 9, 15, 24, 35, 45 | 8 |
| Tentolouris37 | Greece | NA | hospital-based | 381 | 57.7% | 64.1 ± 8.4 | II | 10.6 ± 10.0 | 7.2 ± 0.5 | 1, 2, 12, 14, 23, 27 | 8 |
| Wei38 | China | 2009–2012 | population-based | 959 | 40.5% | 64.6 ± 8.0 | II | 9.6 ± 7.1 | 6.9 ± 1.6 | NA | 8 |
†Data are mean ± standard deviation or mean or median (centile 10-centile 90).
JBI scores: article quality assessment using the Joanna Briggs Institute Prevalence Critical Appraisal Tool.
HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin.
Adjusted factors: 1 = age, 2 = gender, 3 = duration of diabetes, 4 = type of diabetes, 5 = treatment of diabetes, 6 = control of diabetes, 7 = glycosylated hemoglobin, 8 = fasting plasma glucose, 9 = fructosamine, 10 = C-peptide, 11 = hypertension, 12 = systolic blood pressure, 13 = diastolic blood pressure, 14 = antihypertensive medication, 15 = body mass index, 16 = dyslipidaemia, 17 = serum cholesterol level, 18 = serum triglycerides level, 19 = low density lipoprotein, 20 = high density lipoprotein, 21 = weight, 22 = obesity, 23 = waist circumference, 24 = diabetic retinopathy, 25 = non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, 26 = proliferative diabetic retinopathy, 27 = diabetic kidney disease, 28 = blood urea nitrogen, 29 = uric acid, 30 = eGFR, 31 = Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio, 32 = albumin excretion rate, 33 = diabetic neuropathy, 34 = smoking, 35 = drinking, 36 = family history, 37 = coronary heart disease, 38 = cerebrovascular disease, 39 = peripheral vascular disease, 40 = foot ulcer, 41 = anemia, 42 = pulse-wave velocity, 43 = intima-media thickness, 44 = pulse pressure, 45 = HIV positivity.