Table 1.

Summary of Studies That Evaluated Sex Ratio in Natural Infections

Setting	Population	Proportion malea	Tool	Refs
Mali, Burkina Faso, Cameroon	Asymptomatic gametocyte carriers	0.14–0.51	qRT-PCR	[23]
The Netherlands	Controlled human malaria infection volunteers	0.29	qRT-PCR	[7]
Mali	Asymptomatic gametocyte carriers	0.30	qRT-PCR	[62]
Australia	Controlled human malaria infection volunteers	0.20	qRT-PCR	[6]
Kenya, Mali	Asymptomatic gametocyte carriers	0.36	qRT-PCR	[34]
Nigeria	Symptomatic malaria patients	0.21	Microscopy	[75]
Nigeria	Symptomatic children	0.34	Microscopy	[87]
Nigeria	Symptomatic malaria patients	0.22	Microscopy	[88]
Nigeria	Symptomatic malaria patients	0.75	Microscopy	[76]
India	Symptomatic malaria patients	0.31	Microscopy	[89]
Nigeria	Symptomatic malaria patients	0.20	Microscopy	[78]
Nigeria	Symptomatic malaria patients	0.05	Microscopy	[90]
Nigeria	Symptomatic malaria patients	0.14	Microscopy	[91]
Senegal	Symptomatic children	0.15	Microscopy	[92]
Senegal	Total population	0.35	Microscopy	[93]
Nigeria	Asymptomatic children	0.42	Microscopy	[77]
Tanzania	Not applicableb	0.34	Indirect: calculated from inbreeding coefficient	[94]
The Gambia	Not applicablec	0.22	Indirect: calculated from inbreeding coefficient	[94]
Sudan	Not applicabled	0.07	Indirect: calculated from inbreeding coefficient	[94]
Cameroon	Symptomatic malaria patients	0.22	Microscopy	[22]
Papua New Guinea	Not applicableb	0.04	Indirect: calculated from inbreeding coefficient	[95]
Papua New Guinea	Not indicated	0.18	Microscopy	[96]

^aProportion male is defined as the proportion of all gametocytes that is male, [male gametocytes/(male + female gametocytes)].

^bInbreeding coefficients calculated directly from oocyst selfing rates from mosquitoes.

^cInbreeding coefficients calculated from allele frequencies in blood-stage infections, but sex ratios not determined in these patients. Patients were symptomatic children.

^dInbreeding coefficients calculated from allele frequencies in blood-stage infections, but sex ratios not determined in these patients. Patients were symptomatic children and adults.