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First-row transition metals (Cr, Fe, and Ni) in coupling reactions. (a) The key mechanistic steps and (b) the generalized mechanism of cross-coupling reactions. Representative mechanisms proposed for the (c) Fe-catalyzed coupling of Grignard reagents with organic halides,603 (d) the amination reaction catalyzed with an Ni-NHC complex,604 and (e) the Ar–Ar’-coupling reaction catalyzed by Cr-complexes.605.
