Figure 1.

Overview of prostate cancer (PCa) progression and therapeutic options. (A) Schematic drawing of different primary PCa stages, as defined by T category of the TNM staging system: T1, confined, not palpable tumor; T2, confined, palpable tumor; T3, palpable tumor, grown through the prostate capsule and spreading to the neighboring tissues. (B) Diagram of prostate serum antigen (PSA) blood levels over cancer progression. PSA serum level is used as a diagnostic marker to monitor both the progression of the disease and the effectiveness of the treatments received by the patient. CRPC, castrate-resistant prostate cancer.