Table 2.
Neuropsychological assessment scores from 1 week up to 10 years after stroke onset.
| Cognitive domain | Assessments | Time after stroke onset | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 week | 7 months | 10 years | p-value | |||||
| Raw score | N | Raw score | N | Raw score | N | |||
| Global cognition | MMSE | 27 (25–29) | 17 | 29 (27–30) | 38 | 0.01* | ||
| Processing speed | WAIS-Symbol searching | 27 (23–37) | 3 | 28 (20.5–35)a | 21 | 23 (16.8–27)b | 38 | 0.03*(a: b) |
| WAIS-Coding | 43 (31–46)c | 23 | 57 (42–69)d | 23 | 49 (35.5–56.5) | 37 | 0.007*(c: d) | |
| TMT–A | 46 (35–56) | 27 | 40 (26–65) | 11 | 37 (29.5–50) | 37 | 0.27 | |
| Visual attention | Bells test | 34 (30.5–35) | 29 | 34 (32.5–34.5) | 21 | 33.5 (31.8–35) | 38 | 0.87 |
| Verbal fluency | D-KEFS-FAS | 35 (25.3–41.8) | 24 | 38 (27.8–59.8) | 8 | 34 (25.8–48) | 38 | 0.65 |
| CD | See below | |||||||
| Immediate memory | RCFT-IM | 14 (10.3–17.8) | 4 | 14 (10.6–21.8) | 14 | 12 (7.8–16) | 34 | 0.32 |
| CD-weighted score | 230 | 1 | 138 (29–196) | 19 | 127.5 (99.5–181.5) | 38 | 0.47 | |
| Delayed memory | RCFT-delayed recall | 12.5 (8.9–19.1) | 4 | 14.3 (10.8–20.6) | 14 | 10.5 (6.6–16) | 36 | 0.14 |
| RCFT-recognition | 19 (15.8–20.8) | 4 | 20 (19–20) | 13 | 19 (18.3–21) | 36 | 0.68 | |
| CD-retention | 57 | 1 | 71 (50–100) | 19 | 70 (56–86.5) | 38 | 0.80 | |
| CD-recognition | 10 | 1 | 10 (9–10) | 19 | 10 (9–10) | 38 | 0.39 | |
| Executive function | TMT-B | 101 (67–134) | 27 | 72 (54–126) | 11 | 81 (62–116) | 37 | 0.17 |
| D-KEFS-FAS | See above | |||||||
| Visuospatial function | WAIS-Block design | 27 (15–35)e | 27 | 39 (34–51)f | 19 | 35.5(28.8–48)g | 38 | 0.0003*(e: f) |
| 0.004*(e: g) | ||||||||
| RCFT-copy | 31 (29.3–33.9) | 4 | 31 (29–34.3) | 14 | 28.5 (24.7–31.8) | 36 | 0.11 | |
| Working memory | WAIS-Digit span (F) | 7 (6–8)h | 30 | 8 (7–10)i | 26 | 8 (7–9)j | 38 | 0.03*(h: i) |
| 0.02*(h: j) | ||||||||
| WAIS-Digit span (F + B) | 13 (11–14)k | 29 | 13 (11.75–18)l | 26 | 24 (20–27)m | 38 | <0.001*(k: m) | |
| <0.001*(l:m) | ||||||||
| WAIS-Digit span (B) | 6 (4–7)n | 29 | 5.5 (4–8)o | 26 | 8 (6–9.25)p | 38 | <0.001*(n: p) | |
| 0.006*(o:p) | ||||||||
Data presented as median (25–75% percentile).
*
P < 0.05 was considered as significance. ns, no significance; Nr, number of participants; WAIS-IV, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV; RCFT, Rey Complex Figure Test and recognition trial; CD, Claeson-Dahl; FAS: a part of the test battery Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS), named letter fluency. F, Forward; B, backward; MMSE, Mini Mental Scale Examination; TMT, Trail making test; IM, Immediate Memory.