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. 2019 Feb 12;9:3312. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03312

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Copyright © 2019 Sakandar, Kubow, Azadi, Faryal, Ali, Ghazanfar, Quraishi and Imran.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A) Ruffle formation by gliadin in control samples on Caco-2 monolayers. Arrow indicates the ruffle formation on monolayers due to toxic effect of gliadin. (B) No ruffle formation was observed in consortia fermented Lasani 2008 gliadin on Caco-2 monolayers. Arrow indicates smooth monolayer without any ruffle formation.