Table 4.
Ever-use of pesticides and risk of incident hyperthyroidism in AHS spouses.
| Pesticide | Unexposed cases | Exposed cases | HR (95% CI)a | HR (95% CI)b |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any fungicidec | 484 | 31 | 1.11 (0.77, 1.6) | |
| Captan | 503 | 11 | 0.89 (0.49, 1.61) | |
| Maneb/mancozeb (all)d | 496 | 16 | 1.74 (1.05, 2.88) | |
| Age ≤ 60 | 318 | 11 | 2.63 (1.43, 4.86)** | |
| Age > 60 | 178 | 5 | 0.99 (0.40, 2.42) | |
| Metalaxyl | 498 | 13 | 1.48 (0.85, 2.60) | 1.89 (1.03, 3.46) |
| Any insecticidec | 308 | 211 | 0.98 (0.82, 1.17) | |
| Organochlorine | 469 | 44 | 1.07 (0.78, 1.47) | |
| Chlordane | 485 | 20 | 0.89 (0.57, 1.40) | |
| DDT | 478 | 26 | 1.35 (0.91, 2.02) | |
| Carbamate | 354 | 165 | 0.94 (0.78, 1.14) | |
| Carbaryl | 357 | 161 | 0.93 (0.77, 1.12) | 0.91 (0.73, 1.12) |
| Carbofuran | 500 | 13 | 1.22 (0.70, 2.12) | 0.89 (0.44, 1.82) |
| Organophosphate | 371 | 147 | 1.09 (0.90, 1.32) | |
| Chlorpyrifos | 487 | 24 | 1.13 (0.75, 1.71) | 0.99 (0.6, 1.64) |
| Diazinon | 438 | 72 | 1.35 (1.05, 1.73) | |
| Dichlorvos | 491 | 11 | 0.77 (0.42, 1.41) | |
| Fonofos | 498 | 15 | 1.56 (0.93, 2.63) | 1.48 (0.77, 2.82) |
| Malathion | 410 | 107 | 1.01 (0.82, 1.26) | 1.08 (0.85, 1.39) |
| Phorate | 500 | 12 | 1.14 (0.64, 2.02) | 0.98 (0.52, 1.87) |
| Terbufos | 493 | 20 | 1.33 (0.85, 2.09) | 1.14 (0.62, 2.11) |
| Pyrethroid | ||||
| Permethrin (livestock) | 480 | 24 | 1.30 (0.86, 1.96) | |
| Permethrin (crops) | 498 | 16 | 1.45 (0.88, 2.38) | |
| Any herbicidec | 332 | 185 | 0.91 (0.76, 1.09) | |
| Alachlor (all)d | 474 | 31 | 1.39 (0.96, 2.00) | 1.27 (0.76, 2.11) |
| Age ≤ 60 | 302 | 22 | 1.60 (1.04, 2.47) | 1.41 (0.80, 2.46) |
| Age > 60 | 172 | 9 | 1.04 (0.53, 2.04) | 1.00 (0.46, 2.17) |
| Chlorimuron ethyl | 491 | 13 | 1.46 (0.84, 2.53) | 0.97 (0.49, 1.90) |
| Dicamba | 477 | 27 | 1.35 (0.91, 1.99) | 1.11 (0.66, 1.86) |
| Glyphosate | 345 | 170 | 0.93 (0.77, 1.12) | 0.90 (0.73, 1.11) |
| Imazethapyr | 484 | 20 | 1.39 (0.88, 2.19) | 1.05 (0.55, 1.99) |
| Metolachlor | 476 | 29 | 1.80 (1.24, 2.63)** | 2.01 (1.17, 3.44) |
| Pendimethalin | 487 | 18 | 1.51 (0.94, 2.41) | 1.18 (0.64, 2.17) |
| Petroleum oil (all)d | 484 | 21 | 1.10 (0.71, 1.71) | |
| Age ≤ 60 | 309 | 16 | 1.33 (0.81, 2.21) | |
| Age > 60 | 175 | 5 | 0.71 (0.29, 1.74) | |
| Trifluralin | 481 | 23 | 0.87 (0.57, 1.32) | 0.57 (0.33, 0.99) |
| Phenoxy | 435 | 74 | 0.96 (0.74, 1.23) | |
| 2,4-D | 434 | 74 | 0.97 (0.75, 1.24) | 1.04 (0.78, 1.38) |
| Triazine | 471 | 34 | 1.16 (0.82, 1.65) | |
| Atrazine | 476 | 29 | 1.23 (0.84, 1.80) | 1.08 (0.65, 1.82) |
| Cyanazine | 491 | 14 | 0.96 (0.56, 1.64) | 0.55 (0.28, 1.07) |
Abbreviation: 2,4-D, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; CI, confidence intervals; DDT, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane; HR, hazard ratio.
Adjusted for education, state, and smoking.
Adjusted for education, state, smoking, and correlated pesticides, wherever applicable (See eTable 3 for correlated pesticides, exposed and unexposed n may differ due to missing values in correlated exposures).
Any insecticide indicates use of any of insecticides including organochlorines, carbamates, organophosphate, and pyrethroids; any fumigant indicates use of any two fumigants listed in the table and others not shown due to a small number of exposed cases; any fungicide indicates use of any five fungicides listed; and any herbicide indicates use of any herbicides listed.
Hazard ratio allowed to vary by the median age (i.e., 60 years) for exposures that did not meet proportional hazards assumptions (p ≤ 0.10), but n in each category < 10, so overall (all) HR also presented.
False discovery rate adjusted p-value < 0.05.