Stenseth 1996.

Methods	Parallel RCT Ethics committee: approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Trondheim Informed consents: obtained Site: Trondheim, Norway Setting: university hospital Dates of data collection: unspecified Funding: unspecified Registration: unspecified
Participants	52 participants: mean age: 55.2 years; sex distribution: 52 males Inclusion criteria Male New York Heart Association class III patients Age < 65 years LVEF > 50% Scheduled for CABG for double‐ or triple‐vessel disease Exclusion criteria Pulmonary or neuromuscular disease Abnormal preoperative standard chest radiographs Preoperative respiratory status
Interventions	Intervention Epidural analgesia (N = 26) Comparator Systemic analgesia (N = 26) Premedication: morphine and scopolamine Induction and maintenance: diazepam, thiopentone, nitrous oxide, and pancuronium Surgery: CABG with CPB using a bubble oxygenator
Outcomes	Relevant to this review Risk of mortality Risk of myocardial infarction Risk of neurological complications (cerebrovascular accident) Tracheal extubation Others Lung function
Notes	Correspondence: data are no longer available Conflict of interest: not reported DOI: n/a
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Quote: "randomized into two groups"; no details provided
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Not reported
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Not reported
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Not reported
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Two participants were excluded from the analysis because of complications experienced
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	All results reported
Other bias	Unclear risk	Not in intention‐to‐treat Groups had similar demographic data