Table 3.
Mean percent change (95% confidence interval) in blood biomarkers post exposure to metals at the mean exposure concentration. Percent change was calculated using the equation: [(post-exposure value minus pre-exposure value)/pre-exposure value]*100. Models were adjusted for age, sex, BMI, season, type of particulate matter, mass concentration.
| Biomarker | Time post exposure |
Ag | Al | Ba | Cu | Fe | K | Li | Ni | Sn | V |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ET1 | 1-hr | 0.0 (−1.7, 1.8) | −15.6 (−37.4, 6.1) | −5.1 (−20, 9.7) | 1.0 (−7.0, 8.9) | −11.2 (−32.7, 10.4) | −2.88 (−19.7, 13.9) | −9.0 (−31, 13) | −4.7 (−9.4, 0.0)* | −5.3 (−18.8, 8.2) | −16.7 (−36.1, 2.7)* |
| 21-hr | −1.1 (−2, − 0.1)** | −4.5 (−17.0, 7.9) | −2.9 (−11, 5.8) | −4.6 (−9.0, − 0.2)** | −6.3 (−19.0, 6.4) | −0.57 (−10.0, 8.9) | −2.1 (−15, 10) | −1.7 (−4.4, 0.9) | −5.6 (−13.4, 2.2) | −14.0 (−24.9, −3.1)** | |
| IL6 | 1-hr | −3.4 (−6.8, 0.0)* | −4.6 (−46.3, 37.1) | −6.0 (−35.9, 23.8) | −11.9 (26.9, 3.1) | −11.5 (55.1, 32.1) | −5.4 (−36.7, 25.9) | 0.3 (−42.9, 43.4) | −4.5 (−13.5, 4.4) | 2.4 (−24.4, 29.2) | −30.4 (−68.2, 7.4) |
| 21-hr | −0.4 (−5.2, 4.5) | 29.2 (−29.7, 88.1) | 11.0 (−30, 52.0) | −7.9 (−29.2, 13.4) | 20 (−40.3, 80.3) | 18.7 (−26.1, 63.4) | 9.4 (−51, 70) | −4.8 (−17.5, 7.9) | 12.7 (−24.8, 50.2) | −6.4 (−59.6, 46.9) | |
| CRP | 1-hr | −18 (−68, 32.4) | 213 (−405, 831) | −88.0 (−525, 349) | 33.0 (−191, 257) | −109 (−746, 27) | 124 (−345, 593) | 68 (−568, 705) | −31 (−164, 103) | −150 (−543, 243) | −231 (−793, 331) |
| 21-hr | −7.2 (−20.7, 6.2) | 213 (−404, 831) | −18.7 (−128, 90.4) | 33.0 (−190, 257) | −109 (−746, 527) | 123 (−345, 592) | 19.1 (−144, 183) | −30 (−163, 102) | −150 (−543, 242) | −230 (−792, 331) | |
| VEGF | 1-hr | −0.4 (−2.3, 1.5) | −0.1 (−23.4, 23.2) | 3.7 (−12, 20.0) | 3.2 (−5.3, 11.6) | 7.9 (−15.6, 31.3) | 9.77 (−7.9, 27.4) | 3.4 (−20, 27) | 5.3 (0.3, 10.2)** | 0.0 (−14.6, 14.6) | −6.1 (27.1,14.9) |
| 21-hr | −1.5 (−3.6, 0.7) | 9.6 (−16.6, 35.9) | 10.3 (−8.6, 29.0) | 1.3 (−8.0, 10.7) | 9.9 (−17.8, 37.6) | 10.5 (−8.7, 29.7) | 2.4 (−24, 29) | −0.5 (−6.3, 5.3) | 3.8 (−13.1, 20.6) | −15.6 (−38.7, 7.5) | |
| MDA | 1-hr | 2.1 (−0.6, 4.7) | 7.6 (−26.2, 41.3 | −15.0 (−39, 8.5) | −6.6 (−18.7, 5.5) | −24.6 (−59.6, 10.3) | −7.29 (−31.8, 17.2) | 5 (−29, 39) | −1.5 (−8.9, 5.8) | −5.9 (−27.5, 15.6) | −3.8 (−33.9, 26.4) |
| 21-hr | 1.9 (−1.5, 5.2) | −0.3 (−41.7, 41.2) | 2.0 (−2.7, 54)* | 5.2 (−9.7, 20.2) | 35.6 (−5.6, 76.7)* | −22.8 (−53.9, 8.3) | 13 (−28, 56) | 5.8 (−3.1, 14.6) | 40.7 (15.6, 65.8)** | 3.8 (−33.4, 41.0) | |
| S100 | 1-hr | 0.4 (−0.5, 1.4) | −0.3 (−12.5, 11.9) | 2.7 (−5.9, 11.0) | 0.7 (−3.7, 5.2) | 4.5 (−8.1, 17.0) | 3.55 (−5.2, 12.3) | −1.2 (−13, 11) | 0.6 (−2.1, 3.3) | 2.8 (−4.9, 10.6) | 0.7 (−10.1, 11.4) |
| 21-hr | 0.5 (−0.7, 1.6) | 2.5 (−11.5, 16.4) | 2.0 (−7.8, 12.0) | −0.3 (−5.4, 4.7) | −2 (−16.5, 12.4) | 3.77 (−6.7, 14.3) | 9.5 (−4.7, 23) | −1.3 (−4.3, 1.7) | 2 (−6.9, 10.9) | −0.8 (−13.4, 11.8) | |
| NSE | 1-hr | 0.2 (−1.8, 2.1) | 6.3 (−17.4, 29.9) | 6.7 (−10.0, 24.0) | −0.1 (−8.5, 8.4) | 11.7 (−13.4, 36.8) | 3.77 (−14.1, 21.6) | −6.8 (−31, 18) | 1.1 (−4.1, 6.3) | 0.1 (−15.2, 15.5) | 20.1 (−1.0, 41.3)* |
| 21-hr | 0 (−1.3, 1.3) | 4.4 (−11.4, 20.1) | 5.9 (−5.4, 17.0) | −1.2 (−6.8, 4.4) | 5.0 (−11.5, 21.6) | 10.7 (−1.0, 22.3)* | 1.1 (−15.3, 17) | 1.6 (−1.8, 5.0) | 5.0 (−5.2, 15.2) | 2.4 (−11.8, 16.6) | |
| UCHL1 | 1-hr | 0.3 (−0.9, 1.5) | 11 (−3.1, 25.1) | 11.0 (1.2, 21.0)** | 0.9 (−4.2, 6.0) | 13.8 (−0.9, 28.5)* | 21.9 (12.0, 31.9)** | 8.6 (−6.1, 23) | 1.4 (−1.7, 4.5) | 9.9 (0.9, 18.9)** | 7.7 (−5.0, 20.5) |
| 21-hr | 0.4 (−1.2, 2.1) | 19.3 (−0.9, 39.5)* | 14.0 (0.3, 29.0)** | 3.0 (−4.2, 10.3) | 19.8 (−1.1, 40.8)* | 34.6 (20.8, 48.5)** | 17 (−3.6, 38) | 1.0 (−3.4, 5.3) | 14.0 (1.1, 26.9)** | 10.4 (−7.7, 28.5) | |
| Cortisol | 1-hr | 1.5 (0.0, 2.9)** | −1.3 (−18.8, 16.2) | −1.3 (−13.0, 11.0) | 3.0 (−3.5, 9.4) | 0.6 (−17.2, 18.4) | 1.67 (−10.6, 14.0) | 0.4 (−17, 17) | 2.1 (−1.8, 6.1) | −1.1 (−12.1, 9.9) | 1.5 (−13.6, 16.7) |
| 21-hr | 1.5 (0.1, 2.8)** | 3.6 (−13.2, 20.4) | 7.5 (−4.6, 19.0) | 1.8 (−4.2, 7.8) | 14.3 (−3.2, 31.9) | 9.32 (−3.3, 21.9) | 3.3 (−14, 21) | 2.5 (−1.1, 6.1) | 8.5 (−2.4, 19.3) | −1.3 (−16.5, 13.9) | |
| BDNF | 1-hr | −1.8 (−3.5, − 0.1)** | −0.6 (−22.2, 20.9) | 8.2 (−7.0, 23.0) | −4.3 (−12.1, 3.4) | 11.3 (−11.0, 33.6) | −1.05 (−16.9, 14.8) | 15 (−6.8, 37) | −1.2 (−5.8, 3.5) | 3.8 (−10.0, 17.5) | 13.8 (−5.4, 33.0) |
| 21-hr | −1.1 (−2.5, 0.3) | 1.9 (−15.6, 19.4) | 12.6 (0.2, 25.0)** | 1.8 (−4.5, 8.1) | 17.6 (−0.5, 35.7)* | 1.4 (−11.7, 14.6) | 14.9 (−3.1, 32.8) | −1 (−4.8, 2.8) | 6.4 (−4.8, 17.7) | 8.3 (−7.4, 24.1) |
*
P<0.1.
**
P<0.05
Bold font is for a demonstration of statistical significance levels at p<0.1 and p<0.05.