Table 4.
Percent change (95% confidence interval) in urinary biomarkers post exposure to metals at the mean exposure concentration. Percent change was calculated using the equation: [(post-exposure value minus pre-exposure value)/pre-exposure value]*100. Models were adjusted for age, sex, BMI, season, type of particulate matter, mass concentration.
| Biomarker | Time post exposure | Ag | Al | Ba | Cu | Fe | K | Li | Ni | Sn | V |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VEGF | 1 hr | 4.5 (−41.6, 50.5) | 238 (−324, 799) | 54.4 (−349, 458) | 40 (−162, 242) | 347 (−237, 931) | 128 (−298, 554) | 135 (−446, 717) | 22 (−99, 144) | 174 (−187, 534) | 151 (−357, 659) |
| 21 hr | 3.0 (−19.9, 25.8) | −7.9 (−285, 269) | −8.6 (−210, 193) | 15.7 (−82.9, 114) | 25.8 (−267, 319) | −99.6 (−308, 108) | −41.5 (−329, 246) | −3.9 (−64.3, 56.5) | 103 (−75.6, 281) | 161 (−87.1, 410) | |
| 8−OHdG | 1 hr | 0.3 (−1.6, 2.2) | 6.6 (−16.0, 29.1) | 2.6 (−13.8, 19.0) | 13.9 (6.4, 21.3)** | −5.2 (−29.2, 18.9) | 7.20 (−9.8, 24.2) | −8.4 (−32.1, 15.3) | −0.1 (−5.1, 4.9) | 3.1 (−11.4, 17.7) | −18.3 (−38.4, 1.9)* |
| 21 hr | −0.2 (−2.2, 1.9) | −2.4 (−27.0, 22.1) | 1.8 (−15.3, 18.9) | −0.6 (−9.8, 8.5) | −5.4 (−30.3, 19.6) | −5.66 (−22.5, 11.2) | −6.4 (−30.5, 17.7) | 3.8 (−1.9, 9.5) | 5.0 (−10.3, 20.3) | −13.4 (−34.1, 7.4) | |
| MDA | 1 hr | −0.6 (−3.9, 2.7) | 27.4 (−13.9, 68.7) | −12.9 (−42.9, 17.0) | −2.9 (−17.9, 12.1) | −14.8 (−58.6, 29) | 7.7 (−20.3, 35.7) | 26.4 (−13.8, 66.6) | 0.7 (−9.0, 10.4) | −14.8 (−41, 11.4) | 1.9 (−33, 36.9) |
| 21 hr | −0.7 (−4.8, 3.4) | 28.5 (−21.2, 78.2) | −8.2 (−44.1, 27.8) | −4.5 (−22.5, 13.4) | −2.8 (−55.2, 49.6) | 17.0 (−20.6, 54.7) | 20.8 (−30.8, 72.4) | 1.9 (−9.0, 12.7) | −7.0 (−39.2, 25.1) | 6.1 (−39.1, 51.3) | |
| VMA | 1 hr | 0.7 (−1.4, 2.9) | 28.6 (3.0, 54.2)** | −2.2 (−20.9, 16.5) | −3.2 (−12.6, 6.1) | 1.8 (−25.4, 29.0) | 26.3 (7.1, 45.4)** | 27.0 (0.5, 53.5)** | 1.0 (−4.6, 6.6) | −0.6 (−17.4, 16.1) | 8.4 (−15.1, 32.0) |
| 21 hr | 0.2 (−2, 2.3 | 28.0 (1.8, 54.3)** | −12.6 (−31.1, 5.9) | −2.7 (−12.3, 6.9) | −11.4 (−38.6, 15.8) | 25.0 (5.3, 44.7)** | 38.8 (12.3, 65.2)** | 1.3 (−4.5, 7.0) | −5.7 (−22.6, 11.3) | 18.5 (−5.4, 42.3) | |
| HVA | 1 hr | 1.7 (−2, 5.3) | 29.5 (−19.9, 78.9) | 5.0 (−34.6, 44.5) | 6.5 (−11.7, 24.8) | −0.1 (−58.7, 58.4) | 24.8 (−3.6, 53.2)* | 39.1 (−6.3, 84.4) | 21.2 (5.1, 37.3)** | −1.4 (−35.6, 32.8) | 35.9 (2.2, 69.6)** |
| 21 hr | −0.2 (−5.2, 4.8) | −7.9 (−68.8, 53.0) | −17.4 (−61.2, 26.4) | −1.7 (−23.6, 20.2) | −24.1 (−88.0, 39.8) | −14.6 (−60.5, 31.2) | 32.6 (−30.4, 95.6) | 8.9 (−4.2, 22.0) | −3.9 (−43.2, 35.5) | 53.2 (−1.3, 107.7)* | |
| Cortisol | 1 hr | −1.3 (−9.4, 6.9) | −17.4 (−118, 82.7) | 65.1 (−6.0, 136)* | 18.4 (−17.1, 54.0) | 71.6 (−32.3, 175.5) | −15.5 (−89.7, 58.8) | 51.7 (−50.4, 154) | −6.6 (−28.3, 15.1) | 38.4 (−25.4, 102.1) | 88.4 (0.9, 176.0)** |
| 21 hr | 0.5 (−6.8, 7.8) | 40.4 (−47.1, 127.9) | −7.5 (−64.7, 49.8) | −5.4 (−36.8, 25.9) | −0.2 (−82.9, 82.5) | 10.3 (−52.2, 72.8) | 86.5 (0.4, 173)** | −9.1 (−28.6, 10.4) | −14.1 (−66.5, 38.4) | 65.2 (−8.7, 139.2)* |
*
P<0.1.
**
P<0.05