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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Mar 2.
Published in final edited form as: Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1992 Feb;17(2):200–205. doi: 10.1097/00007632-199202000-00014

Fig 1.

Fig 1.

Each vertebra was transformed into four points, the intersections of four tangents on each side of the vertebral body. Thus, a pair of flexion–extension radiographs of the lumbar spine was reduced to 40 points (4 points × 5 vertebrae × 2 positions). See text for details.