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. 2019 Mar 1;9:3293. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-39511-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Experimental design and results. During Familiarization, each infant viewed 8 distinct visual images (20 s each), presented sequentially. In a previous study, each image was accompanied by a segment of infant-directed English². In the current studies, each image was accompanied by a segment of a nonnative language produced in an infant-directed speech register (German, Experiment 1; Cantonese, Experiment 2). For each familiarization image, this segment was presented twice. At test (20 s), each infant viewed 2 images, a new member of the now-familiar category and a member of a novel category. These were presented simultaneously in silence.