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. 2019 Mar 1;9:3254. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-35737-1

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Immunohistochemical analysis of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) impairments. (a–d) To examine the effect of antibiotics or probiotic treatment on the proliferative activity of IECs in neonatal mice, the Ki67-positive cells of mice at PND 21 were investigated. Ki67-positive area of the four intestinal segments (duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon) in mice at PND21 (n = 6/group). (e–h) To determine whether the production of mucin proteins secreted by IECs were influenced by antibiotics or probiotic treatment, the Muc2-positive cells were measured. Muc2-positive area of the four intestinal segments (duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon) in mice at PND21. IOD: integral optical density (n = 6/group). The two ends of the horizontal line represent the two compared groups, the asterisk on the line represents significant difference between groups, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, for intergroup comparisons. TMC3115, Bifidobacterium bifidum TMC3115; Ceftri, Ceftriaxone; Vanco, Vancomycin. PND, postnatal day.