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. 2019 Mar 1;9:3218. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-39806-x

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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LESW irradiation and intracellular Ca²⁺ increase. (A) LESWs were generated among electrodes and refocused with a stainless reflector. An objective was set when an intracellular Ca²⁺ increase was measured. See Supplementary Fig. S1A for detail. (B) A pressure profile of LESWs with a discharge voltage of 3 kV (means ± SEMs, N = 4). (C) A fluorescence image obtained with the objective. Red circles around cells 1–5 indicate cells 1–5 in D. (D) Intracellular Ca²⁺ increase evoked by a single-shot LESW with an acoustic energy of 1.7 μJ/mm².