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. 2019 Mar 1;9:3218. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-39806-x

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Subcellular structure and Ca²⁺ cascades involved in the intracellular Ca²⁺ increase. (A) Inhibitions by CytoD and Bleb show the involvement of actin cytoskeletons. Inhibitions by Gd³⁺ and GsMTx-4 show the involvement of SA channels. (B) Inhibition by U73122, 2-APB, and TG show the involvement of Ca²⁺ release via the PLC-IP³-IP₃R cascade. Inhibition by depleting extracellular Ca²⁺ with Ca²⁺-free solution show the involvement of Ca²⁺ influx.