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. 2019 Mar 1;9:3281. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-40140-5

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Chronic mild social defeat stress induces anxiety- and depressive-like behavior. (a) Experimental design. Red arrows indicate time points of fecal sample collection. (b–e) Quantification of behavior during the open field test [n = 20 control and 20 defeated; Wilcoxon rank sum test, *p < 0.05, ****p < 0.0001; mean ± standard deviation (s.d.)]. (f) Sucrose preference (n = 20 control and 19 defeated; Wilcoxon rank sum test, ****p < 0.0001; mean ± s.d.). (g) Immobility behavior during the two-day forced swim test (day 1: n = 18 control and 20 defeated, day 2: n = 20 control and 20 defeated; Wilcoxon rank sum test, *p < 0.05; mean ± s.d.).