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. 2019 Mar 1;9:3281. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-40140-5

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Exposure to chronic mild social defeat stress induces shifts in microbial communities and alters the abundance of relevant taxa. (a) Principal coordinate analysis of the bacterial communities among the control (gray) (n = 19) and defeated (red) (n = 20) mice. Fecal samples were collected 24 hr after the social interaction test, which immediately followed social defeat or the control condition. (b) Relative abundances of the bacterial communities at the phylum taxonomic rank among the control and defeated mice. (c) Representative graphs of the relative abundances of the bacterial communities at the genus taxonomic rank among the control and defeated mice. Defeated animals showed decreases in Akkermansia spp. (light purple), [Prevotella] spp. (tan), Ruminococcus spp. (dark green), Paraprevotella spp. (dark purple), unclassified Helicobacteraceae (dark blue), Dorea spp. (pink), and Mollicutes (gray) as well as increases in Oscillospira spp. (light blue), Bacteroides spp. (light green), unclassified Lachnospiriaceae (red), and Flexispira spp. (black).